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Sanitation for Millions • (2024) La Magia de Crecer: El Viaje de Lucía hacia la Menarquía
Embárcate en una aventura mágica y educativa con Lucía, una joven que descubre los misterios de la menarquía en este encantador libro animado. A través de un bosque encantado, Lucía se encuentra con personajes fantásticos como Uteriana, la Doctora Menstrualiana y Vulvánica, quienes la guían en su comprensión del ciclo […]}
Nasser Tuqan and Elise Mann on behalf of the Climate Resilient Sanitation Coalition (CRSC) • (2024) Bridging Borders: The Role of Climate-Resilient Sanitation in Global Peace and Sustainability
As SIWI World Water Week 2024 kicks off in Stockholm this week, we are reminded of the profound importance of water and sanitation cooperation in fostering peace and security across the globe. This year's theme, "Bridging Borders: Water for a Peaceful and Sustainable Future," reminds us of the intricate interconnections […]}
Hélène LeDeunff, Alejandro Jiménez • (2024) Policy Brief - Putting animals on the WASH agenda
Animal species are an integral part of the systems that supply our drinking water and ensure that we live healthy lives. Yet, interventions to promote water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) often fail to consider animals’ roles, needs, and impacts on the services and implications of WASH systems for animals with […]}
GIZ • (2024) SFD (Lite) Report - Grand Cotonou, Bénin
La zone d’étude (ZE) couvre les territoires des communes de Cotonou (capitale économique du Bénin), Abomey-Calavi, Sèmè-Podji et Porto-Novo (capitale administrative). La zone d’étude est bordée au sud par l’Océan Atlantique et entoure le Lac Nokoué à l’ouest, au sud et à l’est. (PDA Grand Cotonou - Rapport B, 2015) […]}
Harsh Yadava • (2024) Shit Flow Diagram (SFD): A Resource Book for Practitioners
Urban sanitation systems thinking has undergone a significant change—from infrastructure creation as a measure of progress, to service-level improvement, and now to equity and justice in sustainable service delivery. The Shit Flow Diagram tool unbundled the sanitation service value chain into distinct components with the aim of addressing service-level improvements at […]}
R. Abdel Sattar; J. Rogla, PhD; T. Veasna; T. Kozole; C. Nicoletti; and J. Harper, PhD, PE • (2024) Effects of Climate Vulnerability on Household Sanitation Access, Functionality and Practices in Rural Cambodia
With climate events increasing in frequency and severity, effects on human life, particularly those most vulnerable, are projected to increase in coming decades. Focusing on the effects of floods, storms, and drought, , we investigate how climate vulnerability correlates with toilet dysfunction and abandonment in rural Cambodia using two household […]}
ENPHO • (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Kamalamai Municipality, Nepal
Kamalamai Municipality was declared as municipality in 1996. It is in Sindhuli District, Bagmati Province in the Central South Nepal. It is divided into 14 political wards. The municipality has a total population of 71,016 with 34,416 males and 36,700 females (Census 2021, n.d.). Out of total wards, ward number 6 […]}
University of Zambia • (2024) SFD (Initial) Report - Lilongwe, Malawi
The capital city of Malawi, Lilongwe City, is situated in the Lilongwe river inland plains at the junction of the Namanthanga and Lilongwe rivers. The city is located in Lilongwe District which is found in the Central Region of the Republic of Malawi. Lilongwe city had a population of 989,318 people […]}
SFD Promotion Initiative • (2024) SFD Review Procedure - Portuguese
O procedimento de revisão de cinco passos desenvolvido pela iniciativa de promoção de SFD garante a padronização de todos os relatórios SFD publicados no Portal Web de SFD. Teremos o prazer de fornecer comentários sobre o seu relatório SFD. Um membro do grupo de especialistas fornecerá comentários sobre a avaliação e […]}
SFD Promotion Initiative • (2024) SFD Review Procedure - Spanish
El procedimiento de revisión de cinco pasos desarrollado por la iniciativa de promoción de SFD garantiza la estandarización de todos los reportes SFD publicados en el Portal Web de SFD. Estaremos encantados de proporcionarle comentarios sobre su reporte SFD. Un miembro del grupo de expertos le proporcionará comentarios sobre la evaluación […]}
SFD Promotion Initiative • (2024) SFD Review Procedure - French
La procédure d'examen en cinq étapes développée par l'initiative de promotion des SFD garantit la standardisation de tous les SFD publiés sur le portail web. Nous vous offrons la possibilité d’une révision de votre rapport SFD. Un membre du pool d'experts vous fournira des commentaires sur votre évaluation et vous guidera […]}
GFA Consulting Group GmbH • (2019) SFD (Lite) Report - Masekelo and Ndala, Tanzania
Masekelo ward and Ndala ward are the selected project areas in Shinyanga for the GIZ “Scaling up of access to water supply and sanitation services in under-privileged urban areas”. It is currently implementing a scaling up project to connect the wards for the first time to piped water from surface […]}
GFA Consulting Group GmbH • (2018) SFD (Lite) Report - Ng’hong’ohna Mtaa Tanzania
Ng’hong’ohna Ward (which covers practically the same area as Ng’hong’ohna Mtaa) is one of the 41 wards located in Dodoma City. It is located on the south-eastern part of the city covering an area of 130.675 m² (Dodoma Municipal Council, 2017). The area is characterized by a broad upland plain […]}
GFA Consulting Group GmbH • (2019) SFD (Lite) Report - Shinyanga Municipality, Tanzania
Shinyanga Municipality is the headquarters of Shinyanga Region and is in the northern area of Tanzania. It lies between latitudes 30 30' and 30 45' South and longitudes 330 20’ and 330 35’ East, about 1,000 kilometres from Dar es Salaam and 165 kilometres from Mwanza City. According to Tanzania’s National […]}
GFA Consulting Group GmbH • (2018) SFD (Lite) Report - Dodoma City, Tanzania
Dodoma City Council is located at the south-eastern end of the Tanzania Central Plateau at an elevation of 1,200 metres above sea level with coordinates 6°10′23″S 35°44′31″E. The city council is divided into 41 wards and Mtaas (streets) and covers an area of about to 2,769 sq. km. The 41 […]}
ENPHO • (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Shaarada Municipality, Nepal
Shaarada Municipality is situated in Salyan District of Karnali Province in the western region of Nepal. It is divided into 15 wards and covers an area of 198.34 sq. km. It was officially established on May 16, 2014 As per the national population and housing census conducted in 2021, Shaarada […]}
ENPHO • (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal
Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City is situated in Dhanusa District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. Formerly, it was established as Janakpur Sub-metropolitan City on 1960. Later on 2014, it was re-named as Janakpurdham and changed the sub-metropolitan city to sub-metropolitan city. It is divided into 25 wards As per […]}
ENPHO • (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Tilottama Municipality, Nepal
Tilottama Municipality is in Rupandehi District, Lumbini Province of Nepal (MoLFM, 2016). The municipality was established on 8 May 2014. It has a total of 17 wards and covers 126.19 square kilometres of area. It is surrounded by Butwal Submetropolitan City in the north, Siddharthanagar Municipality and Omsatiya Rural Municipality […]}
PWA, Municipality of Kharas, WWn and JSC • (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Kharas, Palestinian territories
Kharas is a Palestinian village in Hebron Governorate, located 12 km northwest Hebron city, in the south of the West Bank. The village is located within the southern Palestinian mountains, to the north of Wadi Arab. The village is surrounded by Halhul to the east, Nuba and Beit Ula to […]}
PWA & World Waternet • (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Salfeet, Palestinian territories
Salfeet is located in the middle of the West Bank. It is bordered by the Ariel settlement and Marda village to the north, Nablus Governorate to the east, the Green Line (the 1949 Armistice Line) to the west, and Ramallah Governorate to the south. As a region, Salfeet covers a […]}
SuSanA • (2023) Network Circle Newsfeed (NCN)
The idea of a WASH Network Circle was born in 2022 from bilateral discussions between SuSanA and other networks, who expressed the need for key networks in the WASH sector to harmonise their activities and identify synergies. The WASH Network Circle was officially launched in Bonn in May 2023 during […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Urlabari Municipality, Nepal
Urlabari Municipality was declared as municipality on 8th May 2014. The municipality is located in Morang District, Koshi Province. The municipality is divided into nine political wards. The municipality has total 70,908 population with 33,356 males and 37,552 females (Census 2021, n.d.). Basic sanitation coverage in the municipality is 100%. […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Tansen Municipality, Nepal
Tansen Municipality is one of the oldest municipalities in the country, established in March 1950. It is located in Palpa District, Lumbini Province. The Municipality has a total of 14 political wards. Tansen Municipality occupies an area of 109.8 square kilometres. The municipality has a total population of 50,792 with […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Sunwal Municipality, Nepal
Sunwal Municipality is situated in Nawalparasi District of Lumbini Province in the southern region of Nepal. It was established on May 18, 2014 by merging the Village Development Committees (VDCs), Swathi and Sunwal. On March 10, 2017, it was reformed by merging the Ramnagar area and ward 6 of Dhurkot […]}
Ivette Echeverría; Oliver Saavedra; Ramiro Escalera; Gustavo Heredia; Chihiro Yoshimura & Renato Montoya • (2022) Small-Scale Operation of an Integrated Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Biofilter: Factors Affecting Its Performance
This study aims to evaluate the effect of factors influencing the performance of a small-scale operating wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) integrating anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and biofilters with temperature fluctuations in the psychrophilic–mesophilic range. Over nine months of monitoring, the overall removal efficiencies for total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), soluble […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2023) SFD (level 1) Report - Araihazar Municipality, Bangladesh
Araihazar Municipality is situated within the Araihazar Upazila of Narayanganj District, under Dhaka Division. At present, Araihazar Municipality has 65 km of road network and 13.3 km of drain network. Araihazar is located between latitudes 23°40' and 23°53' north and 90°35' and 90°45 east. It is bordered on the north […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2023) SFD (level 1) Report - Betagi Municipality, Bangladesh
Betagi Municipality is situated within the Betagi Sub-District (Upazila) in Barguna District (Zila), which is under Barishal Division. The geographical coordinates of Betagi are between 22º 09.45' and 22º 11.52' N and between 90º 11.55' and 90º 13.12' east longitude . It is bordered on the north by the Upazilas […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Phidim Municipality, Nepal
Phidim Municipality was declared as municipality on 18th May 2014. It is in Panchthar District, Koshi Province in the eastern Nepal. It is divided into 14 political wards. The municipality has a total population of 48,495 with 23,679 males and 24,816 females (Census 2021, n.d.). Out of total wards, ward […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Mirchaiya Municipality, Nepal
Mirchaiya Municipality is situated in Siraha District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. It is divided into twelve wards and covers an area of 91.97 sq. km. It was established on May 18, 2014 by merging the already-existing Village Development Committees (VDCs), Rampur Birta, Malhaniyakhori, Radhopur, Ramnagar, […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Ilam Municipality, Nepal
Ilam Municipality is in Ilam district, Koshi province of Nepal. The municipality was established in 1958; one of the oldest municipalities in Nepal. It has 12 wards and covers the area of 173.32 sq km. It is surrounded by Maijogmai rural Municipality and Suryodaya Municipality in the east, Sandakpur Municipality […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Rajbiraj Municipality, Nepal
Rajbiraj Municipality lies in Saptari District of Madhesh Province, Nepal. It is divided into sixteen wards and covers an area of 55.64 sq. km. It is restructured by merging with Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely (Maleth, Dighwa, Farseth, Bishharia, Deuri Bharuwa) and some wards of VDCs (Haripur-6, Madhyepura 4-7, Boriya […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Bardibas Municipality, Nepal
Bardibas Municipality is located in Mahottari District, Madhesh Province of Nepal. It has total 14 wards and covers the area of 315.57 square kilometres. It is surrounded by Kamalamai Municipality of Sindhuli District in North, Aurahi and Bhangaha Municipalities in south, Dhanusha District in the east and Sarlahi District in […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Rajpur Municipality, Nepal
Rajpur Municipality was established in 2016. The municipality is located in Rautahat District, Madhesh Province. The municipality is divided into nine political wards. The municipality has a total population of 54,083 with 26,574 males and 27,509 females (Census 2021, n.d.). Out of total wards, ward number 1 has the largest […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Phungling Municipality, Nepal
Phungling Municipality is in the Taplejung District of Koshi Province of Nepal and is the only municipality of this district. The total area of the municipality is 125.57 square kilometres which is divided in 11 wards (Phungling, 2023). The total population of the municipality is 28,786, with male and female population […]}
Container Based Sanitation Alliance • (2023) Unlocking carbon credits for sanitation - Briefing Paper
This briefing paper informs about a study carried out by the Container Based Sanitation Alliance (CBSA). Working with the carbon finance consultancy South Pole, five CBS operators were examined. The results show that their projects would eliminate 79% to 93% of baseline emissions, depending on the treatment methods used and […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Parsagadhi Municipality, Nepal
Parsagadhi Municipality was established in 2016. The municipality is located in Parsa District, Madhesh Province. The municipality is divided into nine political wards.he municipality has a total population of 41,569 with 21,011 males and 20,558 females (Census 2021, n.d.). Out of total wards, ward number 3 has the largest population […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Gaur Municipality, Nepal
Gaur Municipality is in Nepal’s southern Terai area. The municipality was formed in April 1992 by merging Gaur, Tikuliya, Purenywa, Sirshiya and Swagadha Village Development Committees (VDCs). The municipality is divided into nine political ward boundaries. According to the census 2021, the municipality has a total population of 39,846 and […]}
African Ministers´ Council On Water (AMCOW) • (2023) Africa´s Voice on Water - Maiden Edition #001
Finally, Africa‘s Voice on Water (AVOW) magazine is here. AVOW is an initiative brought to you by the African Ministers‘ Council on Water (AMCOW) as a platform to amplify the collective voice of Africa‘ s water and sanitation sector. Join for a journey through the triumphs, challenges, and innovations that […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Faridpur Municipality, Bangladesh
Faridpur Municipality is a fast-growing city, which is 116 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Padma River and it is well connected with road, water, and railways. It is one of the oldest towns and was declared ‘A’ class Municipality in 1986. Faridpur is one of […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2023) SFD (level 1) Report - Jhenaidah Municipality, Bangladesh
Jhenaidah is a fast-growing city, which is 174 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Naboganga River and it is well connected with road and water. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared municipality in 1958. Jhenaidah is one of the […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Harion Municipality, Nepal
Harion Municipality is one of the new municipalities declared by the government of Nepal on May 18, 2014, which is formed by joining four contemporary Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely Atrouli, Sasapur, Ghukauli and Harion VDCs. It is located in Sarlahi District, Madhesh Province. The Municipality has a total of […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Jayaprithvi Municipality, Nepal
Jayaprithvi Municipality is situated in the hilly region of the southeast of Bajhang District, which is situated in the northern region of Nepal's far western. The former Rithapata, Chainpur, Hemantabada, Luyanta, and Subeda Village Development Committees were merged to form this municipality on 10th March 2017. The municipality is divided […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Banepa Municipality, Nepal
Banepa Municipality is located in Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati Province of Nepal. It has 14 wards and covers the area of 54.59 sq km. It is surrounded by Panauti Municipality in the south, Mandandeupur Municipality in the north, Dhulikhel Municipality and Panchkhal Municipality in the east, and Bhaktapur District in the […]}
GIZ • (2022) Young female influencers energising campaigns against menstrual taboos around the globe
German-supported projects in Nepal, Albania and the Philippines are involving local social media influencers and celebrities to break down taboos around menstrual health and hygiene. To great effect! GIZ’s short film ‘Tackling Taboos’ has been nominated for the WHO film festival ‘Health for all’. Shortlisted out of more than 1000 […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Mahakali Municipality, Nepal
Mahakali Municipality is in Darchula District of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal. It is divided into nine wards and covers an area of 135.11 sq. km. It is formed by merging the former headquarters of Darchula district i.e., Khalanga, ward 4 to 17 of Api Municipality and Dattu Village Development Committee (VDC). […]}
GOPA Infra and BORDA Zambia • (2023) SFD (Initial) Report - Choma, Zambia
Choma Town is the provincial administrative capital of the Southern Province of Zambia on Latitude -16.812822 and Longitude 26.987640. The town lies at an elevation of 1,314m above sea level in Choma District, which has a total land area of approximately 7,296 square kilometres and a population of about 247,860 […]}
GOPA Infra and BORDA Zambia • (2023) SFD (Initial) Report - Chingola, Zambia
Chingola is one of the major copper mining towns in Zambia. It is in Chingola District in the Copperbelt Province. In 2016, the Central Statistics Office (CSO) projected Chingola’s total population to be approximately at 266,478 with an estimated growth rate of 2.5% and in 2021 the Ministry of Health […]}
SUPERKRAFT • (2023) "Follow your heart!" How a Bollywood star is empowering Nepalese women and winning our hearts in the process | Podcast on Spotify and Apple
"Follow your heart!" How a Bollywood star is empowering Nepalese women and winning our hearts in the process Keki Adhikari is a Nepalese superstar with 1.3 million followers. Join us as we celebrate the power of change, which is only accepted when it reaches the heart. Keki talks about taboo subjects […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Dakneshwori Municipality, Nepal
Dakneshwori municipality is in southern terai region of Nepal. The municipality was formed in 2016 by merging Kabilasa, Harihara, tarahi, Bhutahi, pato, Aurahi, Barhmapur, Banaula, Patthargada and Gamhariya VDCs. The geographical coordinate of the municipality is 26.50o North and 86.62o East. The municipality is divided into 10 political ward boundaries. […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Mangalsen Municipality, Nepal
Mangalsen municipality is the capital of Achham District in Far-western Province of Nepal. It was established on 18 May 2014 by merger of the former Village development committees of Janalibandali, Kuntibandali, Oligaun, Jupu, Kalagaun into its current form. There are 14 wards in Mangalsen municipality, and the municipality covers 220 […]}
CSE, GWP-Caribbean, MTCMEHD and Global Environment • (2023) SFD (Lite) Report - Mahdia, Guyana
Mahdia is located in Administrative Region (8) - Potaro Siparuni of Guyana and is also near the centre of the country with an altitude of 415 m and elevation of 1,360 m. The town is approximately 203 km for the country’s capital city Georgetown. With a population of 4,200 residents at […]}
ENPHO • (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Siraha Municipality, Nepal
Siraha municipality is in southern terai region of Nepal. The municipality was restructured in 2016 by merging former village development committees namely Lagadigadiyani, Laxminiya, Samhaitha, lagadigoth and Hakpara in Siraha Municipality. The municipality is divided into 22 political ward boundaries. The total population of the municipality is 96,543 as per the […]}
• (2021) SFD (Lite) Report - Odagaon, India
Odagaon is a town and Notified area council (geographical coordinates as 20°00'57.65"N 84°59'15.70"E) in the Nayagarh district of Odisha, India. It is around 100km away from the capital city of Bhubaneswar. As per Census of India, 2011, Odagaon Urban has the population of 5,401 with 1,240 households. As nearby rural […]}
Peter Morgan • (2023) The Ventilated Arborloo
The Arborloo is a simple pit toilet using a shallow unlined pit between 1m and 2m deep, depending on soil type and firmness, which is protected at the surface with a ring beam made of concrete or cemented fired bricks. When the excreta is mixed with soil, leaves and ash […]}
• (2022) Menstrual Health and Hygiene - Leave No One Behind in South Asia
“Achieving menstrual health requires access to information about the menstrual cycle and self-care, materials, water and sanitation facilities and services to care for the body during menstruation, access to timely diagnosis, care and treatment for menstrual discomforts and disorders, a positive and respectful environment free from stigma, and the freedom […]}
• (2022) Managing the WASH Emergency Response and Recovery in the Aftermath of Cyclone Fani
Cyclone Fani hit Odisha on 3 May 2019. The UNICEF WASH team witnessed that the wind speeds were unprecedented and highly destructive, devastating 14 districts. It was found that among the most affected were villages in Puri district. To address this massive emergency, the WASH team at UNICEF Odisha, immediately […]}
• (2022) Supporting Hygiene Promotion and Menstrual Hygiene Management After Cyclone Fani
In the aftermath of Cyclone Fani, villages in Odisha were affected with a wide variety of challenges including increased open defecation, damage to toilets and latrines, the loss of key hygiene items, and the contamination of drinking water. The UNICEF WASH team in Odisha held participatory discussions with community members […]}
• (2022) SFD (Lite) Report - Saint Mary, Jamaica
Saint Mary is a rural parish located on the Caribbean island of Jamaica. The geographical coordinates of Saint Mary are latitude 18°09' north and longitude 77°03' west. Saint Mary is the fifth smallest parish on the island and its capital is Port Maria. The parish is located on the north […]}
• (2022) SFD Comprehensive Report - Liberia, Costa Rica
The site for this study, Liberia, is the first district and capital city of the canton of Liberia, in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica. It is located in the northwest corner of the country. Liberia is divided into five districts; Cañas Dulces, Curubandé, Liberia, Mayorga and Nacascolo. The Liberia […]}
• (2022) SFD Comprehensive Report - San Pablo, Costa Rica
The canton of San Pablo is located in the central zone of the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) of the Central Valley of Costa Rica, in the province of Heredia, covering an area of 7.53 km2. The population is subdivided into two districts; San Pablo (70%), and Rincón de Sabanilla (30%). […]}
• (2022) SFD Intermediate Report - Dipayal Silgadhi Municipality, Nepal
Dipayal Silgadhi municipality is the district headquarters of Doti District in Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal. The former district headquarters of Far Western Development Region, Dipayal Silgadhi lies in the lesser Himalayas on the bank of Seti River at 29°16′N 80°56′E. The municipality comprises nine wards, the smallest local government unit. […]}
• (2022) SFD Intermediate Report - Badimalika, Nepal
Badimalika Municipality lies in Bajura District in Sudurpaschim Province of Nepal. It was established in March 2017 in accordance with the 2015 Nepali Constitution, as decided by the cabinet. It is formed by merging previously three Village Development Committees (VDCs) named Martadi, Budiganga and Jugada. There are nine political wards […]}
• (2022) SFD Intermediate Report - Patan Municipality, Nepal
Patan Municipality is in Baitadi District, Sudurpaschim Province of Nepal. The municipality is extended to 219.26 km2. It is divided into 10 wards. The municipality is surrounded by Sigas rural municipality in the east, Dashrathchand municipality and Melauli in the west, Surnava and Dogada rural municipality in north and Dadeldhura […]}
• (2022) SFD (Lite) Report – Gazipur, Bangladesh
Gazipur is a fast-growing city, which is 25 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Turag and Balu Rivers and it is well connected with road, water, and railways. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared City Corporation in 2013. Gazipur […]}
• (2022) SFD (Lite) Report - Gopalganj Municipality, Bangladesh
Gopalganj is a fast-growing city located along the Dhaka-Khulna highway and 209 km South of Dhaka. It is beside the Kaliganga River and it is well connected with road, water, and railways. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared a municipality in 1972. Gopalganj […]}
• (2022) SFD (Lite) Report – Feni, Bangladesh
Feni is a fast-growing city located along the Dhaka-Chittagong highway and 161 km South of Dhaka. It is besides the Selonia River and it is well connected with road, water, and railways. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared a Municipality in 1958. Feni […]}
SuSanA • (2022) WG5 Webinar: The contribution of standards and certification to the safe reuse of nutrients from sanitation and waste systems
To commemorate World Toilet Day 2022, the SuSanA Working Group on productive sanitation and food security (WG5) and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), along with partners, organised a webinar about the role of standards and certification systems in the safe reuse of nutrients from sanitation systems. Moderated by WG5 Lead […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Bhola Municipality, Bangladesh (vn 2022)
Bhola is a fast-growing city, which is 185 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Megna and Tetulia River and well connected with road and water. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared Municipality in 1920. Bhola is one of the […]}
SCBP, NIUA • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Dehradun, India
Dehradun Nagar Nigam area1 is 100 km2. and has 100 wards with a population of 804,3792 (as of 2018). There are 167,577 households (HHs) (after municipal boundary expansion in 2018) within municipal boundary; this suggests the average household size in the city to be 5. The output of the SFD graphic […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Brahmanbaria Municipality, Bangladesh
Brahmanbaria is a fast-growing city located along the Dhaka-Chittagong highway and 110 km Eastern of Dhaka. It is beside the Titas Rive rand well connected with road, water, and railways. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared Municipality in 1868. Brahmanbaria is one of […]}
UNICEF • (2022) Badabenakudi Village Spurs Community Participation in Response to the Cyclone Fani Emergency in Odisha, India
In 2019, cyclone Fani devastated Badabenakudi village, leaving its people traumatized. Many locals felt powerless and dependent on others. It was in this context that the UNICEF WASH team in Odisha and the government sought to develop the local capacity of the community and enhance awareness of WASH. UNICEF and […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Barishal, Bangladesh
Barishal is a fast-growing city, which is 235 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Kirtankhola River and well connected with road and water. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent, established as Pourashava in 1869 and was declared City Corporation in 2002. Barishal […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Barguna, Bangladesh
Barguna is a fast-growing city, which is 319 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Khakdon River and well connected with road and water. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared municipality in 1973. Barguna is one of the 53 district […]}
University of Leeds • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Narok town, Kenya
Narok town is Narok county’s capital city which is the largest city on the way to Maasai Mara National Reserve from Nairobi. It became a municipality in October 2019 due to the rapidly growing population. Figure 2 shows the official municipality boundary and demographical data from the latest census in […]}
Libby, J. A., Wells, E. C., & Mihelcic, J. R. • (2020) Moving up the Sanitation Ladder while Considering Function: An Assessment of Indigenous Communities, Pit Latrine Users, and Their Perceptions of Resource Recovery Sanitation Technology in Panama
As households move up the sanitation ladder, health risks presumably decline but the corresponding technologies may require increasing operation and maintenance costs. One critique of the ladder is that it prioritizes technology and could be improved if it included a functional approach to monitoring, such as including aspects of environmental […]}
Wells, E. C., Vidmar, A. M., Webb, W. A., Ferguson, A. C., Verbyla, M. E., de los Reyes III, F. L., ... & Mihelcic, J. R. • (2022) Meeting the Water and Sanitation Challenges of Underbounded Communities in the U.S.
Water and sanitation (wastewater) infrastructure in the United States is aging and deteriorating, with massive underinvestment over the past several decades. For many years, lack of attention to water and sanitation infrastructure has combined with racial segregation and discrimination to produce uneven access to water and wastewater services resulting in […]}
Naughton, C. C., Akers, P., Yoder, D., Baer, R., & Mihelcic, J. R. • (2018) Can Sanitation Technology Play a Role in User Perceptions of Resource Recovery? An Evaluation of Composting Latrine Use in Developing World Communities in Panama
There remains a large unmet need for sanitation access throughout the world that compromises both human and environmental health. Opportunities exist to employ sanitation systems that better utilize and recover scarce resources from excreta such as water, energy, and nutrients. However, technologies such as a composting latrine may require more […]}
Willetts, J Kumar, A, Mills, F • (2022) Urban sanitation and climate change: A public service at risk
The study provides recent advances and adaptations in policy, planning and service delivery to better manage climate related risks in urban contexts. It also identifies actionable strategies to support efforts to improve climate resilience in urban sanitation and to strengthen the argument for their implementation}
IDB, D&A and EP • (2022) SFD Report – Punta del Diablo, Uruguay
Punta del Diablo is located on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Uruguay in the department of Rocha. The city is made up of six large sub-divisions: Punta del Diablo, Coronilla del Mar, Aldea del Mar, Santa Teresa de la Coronilla, Parque Santa Teresa and Santa Teresa (D&A and EP, 2021). […]}
Oxford Policy Management on behalf of WSSCC • (2016) Value for money study in Global Sanitation Fund programmes. Synthesis report
This report is the final output of the ‘Value for Money Study in Global Sanitation Fund Programmes’, hereafter ‘the VFM-GSF project’, funded by the Water and Sanitation Supply Collaborative Council (WSSCC)/Global Sanitation Fund (GSF). The stated objectives of the project were threefold: 1. To assess GSF-funded sanitation and hygiene implementation programmes to […]}
OECD • (2019) Making Blended Finance Work for Water and Sanitation. Unlocking Commercial Finance for SDG 6
The OECD, with the support of the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida), has undertaken research to better understand the current and potential role of blended finance models for water-related investments. Considering the wide variety of potential types of water-related investments, this research takes a broad approach to water-related investment and […]}
Inter-American Development Bank • (2020) Innovations in Commercial Finance for the Water and Sanitation Sector: The Potential of Investment Platforms for Mobilizing Financing for Development at Scale
Massive amounts of investment are needed to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for water supply and sanitation. However, several challenges have limited the ability to mobilize commercial finance for the sector, including a complex political economy, high […]}
Climate Policy Initiative • (2021) The State of Cities Climate Finance
The 2021 State of Cities Climate Finance report examines the current state of urban climate investment, the barriers to reaching the needed investment levels, and the steps to overcoming these challenges. The report delivers its findings in two parts: The Landscape of Urban Climate Finance (Part 1). Authored by the Cities Climate […]}
DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Chandpur Municipality, Bangladesh
Chandpur is a fast-growing city located along the Dhaka- N1 and Gauripur - Kachua highway and 120 km South of Dhaka. It is beside the Dakatia and Meghna Rivers and it is well connected with road, water, and railways. It is one of the oldest towns in the […]}
NIUA • (2022) SFD Lite Report – Bageshwar, India
Bageshwar Nagar Palika Parishad area is 8.5 sq.km. and has 11 wards with a population of 25,045 (as of year 2018). There are 4,808 Households (HHs) post municipal boundary expansion in the year 2018. With the delimitation of boundary, the total number of wards have increased from 7 to […]}
ENPHO • (2022) SFD Report – Bedkot Municipality, Nepal
Bedkot Municipality is in Kanchanpur District of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal with an area of 158.5 sq. km. The proposed area of the municipality is formed by merging former Suda Village Development Committee (VDC) and Daiji Village Development Committee in 10 wards. It lies at 28.57o N latitude and 80.1348o E […]}
ENPHO • (2022) SFD Report – Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal
Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan City is located on Southern belt of Nepal in the Kailali District of Sudur Paschim Province, Nepal. The city is surrounded by Kailari Rural Municipality in the east, Mohana River in the west, Godawari and Gauriganga Municipality in the north and India in the South. It is divided […]}
CRS • (2021) SFD Report – Greater Tamale, Ghana
The Greater Tamale Area (GTA) refers to the geopolitical limits of both the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly (TaMA) and Sagnarigu Municipal Assembly (SagMA). GTA is located in the Northern region of Ghana and covers an area of 922km2. It is one of the largest cities in Ghana with a 2020 projected […]}
ISC • (2022) The Role of SuSanA´s Global Steering Committee Members (ToR)
The Global Steering Committee (GSC) is delegated by members to govern SuSanA 2.0 on their behalf during the periods between triennial election (every three years). As such, it is the principal decision-making body and governance vehicle during this period. It is responsible and accountable to members, primarily through the Annual […]}
WASH in Schools Network • (2022) WASH in schools in focus
The COVID-19 pandemic put front and centre for the needed attention on water supply, hand hygiene and sanitation. Using the Enabling Environment matrix like a camera lens to view national-level actions, the collective country examples from 20 countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific supply rich learnings and underline the positive […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Learning from Other Sectors Workshop
Workshop to connect key learnings from other sectors (for example, solid waste management, waste picking) to advocacy and research on sanitation work (human waste management) across the world. Speakers 1. Sonia Dias (WIEGO's Global Waste Expert) 2. Christy Braham (WIEGO, Belgium) 3. Lakshmi Narayan (KKPKP Waste Pickers Union, India) 4. Nalini Shekar (Hasiru […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Connecting Labour Rights & Sanitation Workshop
Polite notice: This session includes detail (through the documentary film and presentations) about real-life cases of sanitation worker deaths and injuries, which some viewers/attendees may find upsetting* Workshop to connect key learnings from the labour and human rights sectors (on occupational health and safety, formalisation, collectivisation, worker entitlements and responding to […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Looking Deeper: A Research Agenda to Advance the Health, Safety & Dignity of Sanitation Workers
Sanitation workers provide essential services often at cost of their health and dignity. Little research has been done and there is an urgent need for evidence for policy and programs. Participants in this workshop will hear from moderators on challenges and contribute to setting a global published research agenda by […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Good Practices Workshop: Garima Scheme, India (Sanitation Workers Forum 2021)
Includes reflections on the Garima Scheme in Odisha, India from G. Mathivathanan (Principal Secretary to Govt Housing & Urban Development Department, Government of Odisha, India), Manvita Baradi (Director, Urban Management Centre) and Meghna Malhotra (Deputy Director, Urban Management Centre). About Garima The Garima scheme for Safety and Dignity of Core Sanitation Workers […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Traversing the Path of Making Manual Pit Cleaning Safer in LMICs
Thousands of lives of sanitation workers are endangered and lost in low and middle income countries (LMICs) while manually cleaning confined spaces like septic tanks and sewer lines. These deaths are avoidable if we take corrective measures. Join us to discuss leading practices that cities can observe to make work […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Thematic Session 6: Occupational Health & Safety (OHS), Policies, Laws and Regulations
This session examines some of the ways in which to enhance Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) of sanitation work, via technical innovations, as well as targeted laws, policies and regulations. The speakers highlight a number of worker-centred avenues to strengthen OHS, as well as key gaps where further participatory research […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Thematic session 5: Challenges & Opportunities Arising from Covid-19
This session examines the multiple ways in which Covid-19 has affected sanitation workers at their workplace and in their personal lives. The speakers highlight how the pandemic disproportionately impacted sanitation workers who were on the 'frontline', yet often had little to no personal safety equipment, work protections or faced intense […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Thematic Session 4: Gender, Intersectionality & Sanitation Work
*French with English translation* This session examines the intersectional dimensions of sanitation work relating to gender, caste, class, race and age (including inter-generational change). The speakers cover particular challenges for women sanitation workers in India, Côte d'Ivoire, Madagascar and Senegal, and explore ways in which to visibilise often hidden or […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) In Conversation With Dr Sharada Prasad (Sanitation Workers Forum 2021)
A pre-recorded conversation between Dr Jen Barr and consultant, researcher and photographer Dr CS Sharada Prasad, who is behind many of the striking images used by international agencies to highlight the everyday lives of sanitation workers (especially those involved in manual pit latrine, septic tank, sewer, drain or dry latrine […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) In Conversation With Dr Hemangi Kadlak (Sanitation Workers Forum 2021)
A pre-recorded conversation between Dr Sally Cawood and activist, writer, researcher and teacher Dr Hemangi Kadlak (Assistant Professor, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu and Strivajin Foundation). In this recording, Dr Kadlak discusses the motivations for her research on sanitation workers and manual scavenging in India, with important takeways for us […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Thematic Session 3: Global Histories of Sanitation Work
This session explores the changing nature of sanitation work from a global and historical perspective. It sets out to challenge misconceptions that sanitation work (including hazardous forms) is confined to the so-called 'Global South', or that the 'Global North' has found the 'solutions' to safe sanitation for all. Drawing on […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Thematic Session 2: Setting the Scene - Lessons from India & Kenya
This session explores the realities of sanitation work in urban settings across India and Kenya. Whilst distinct historically, socially, politically and geographically, hazardous forms of sanitation work (including manual pit or manhole emptying) persist in both countries. Speakers explore the changing realities of sanitation work in each country, including ways […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (0) Thematic Session 1: Marginalisation & Representation of Sanitation Workers
This session focuses on the changing terminology to describe sanitation work and workers, and persistent forms of stigma and discrimination that many workers face today. The speakers raise important questions about representation of workers in global and national-level advocacy, and the ongoing struggle to be recognised as an essential workforce. Speakers 1. […]}
Sanitation Workers Forum 2021 • (2022) Opening Welcome Address and Keynote (Bezwada Wilson) 29.11.21
Opening welcome address by the Forum organisers, followed by a Keynote by Bezwada Wilson from Safai Karmachari Andolan (SKA), an Indian human rights organisation campaigning for the eradication of manual scavenging.}
Cawood, S., Prasad, CS. S. • (2021) Findings Report Sanitation Workers in Tamil Nadu, India
The overall aim of the project was to identify the ways in which sanitation workers can improve and/or move out of hazardous and degrading forms of sanitation work – specifically pit latrine, septic tank, drain and sewer cleaning and emptying – in urban areas (small towns and large cities). The […]}
Abbasi, T. A., Badruddin, I. • (2019) Developing standard operating procedures for sanitation workers working with urban utilities in Pakistan
It is now globally recognized that sanitation workers face a fatality risk that is 10 times higher than workers in all other industries, and their injury risk is 2.5 times higher than that of miners. Pakistan is the most urbanized country in South Asia and most of the urban population […]}
WaterAid • (2020) Status of Women Engaged in Manual Scavenging
The baseline survey was conducted in the four states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand. This report has analysed the data generated for the following areas: a. Manual scavenging (MS) and dry latrines b. Prevalence of stigma, discrimination, untouchability, gender and caste-based discrimination and violence c. Participation in community led initiatives […]}
WaterAid • (0) Safety and wellbeing of sanitation workers during COVID-19 in South Asia
The COVID-19 pandemic reached South Asia at the beginning of 2020 and by March most of the countries in the region had imposed lockdowns in an attempt to curb the rampant spread of the disease. Severe restrictions on movement were introduced and businesses were closed. Only the provision of essential […]}
WaterAid • (2020) Risk and Vulnerability of sanitation and waste workers during Covid-19 pandemic in five major cities of Bangladesh
Bangladesh has been identified as one of the 20 most vulnerable countries to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Its high population density, poor infrastructure, and low levels of awareness of basic preventive measures culminate in a highly vulnerable and fragile country on the brink of a major crisis, with […]}
WaterAid • (2020) Risk and vulnerability of sanitation and waste workers during COVID-19 pandemic
Sanitation and waste workers in Bangladesh are generally marginalised, living in congested colonies, slums or informal settlements with limited access to basic services. Lower caste and religious minorities are more likely to engage in collecting garbage and cleaning toilets, emptying pits and septic tanks, often face social exclusion and rampant […]}
WaterAid • (0) Rapid Assessment of Knowledge, Practices and Measures on Safety of Sanitation and Waste Workers During Covid-19 in Pakistan
The rapid assessment attempts to collect information on the knowledge and awareness about transmission, symptoms, prevention and treatment of coronavirus, hand hygiene practices and concerns of sanitation workers and solid waste collectors about Covid-19 pandemic, the kind of safety measures put in place to protect these workers and the gaps […]}
WaterAid • (2020) Rapid Assessment of Measures on Safety of Sanitation and Waste Workers during Covid-19 in Pakistan
WaterAid Pakistan commissioned this rapid assessment research on the knowledge, practices and perspectives of sanitation workers and solid waste collectors about Covid-19 pandemic in Pakistan. The specific objectives of research were to understand the knowledge, practices and concerns of sanitation and waste workers regarding coronavirus, and; to find out the […]}
WaterAid • (2020) Rapid Assessment of Measures on Safety of Sanitation and Waste Workers during COVID-19 in Nepal
Nepal imposed a nationwide lockdown from March 25 until June 14, 2020 to contain the spread of COVID-19. Sanitation and waste workers had to continue providing essential services during the lockdown despite the risk of exposure to coronavirus prevailed. This added risk to occupational and environmental health hazards they regularly face, […]}
TNUSSP • (2020) Provisioning of Health Camps for Sanitation Workers
The Tamil Nadu Urban Sanitation Support Programme (TNUSSP) has been supporting the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) in achieving total sanitation in the state, and are demonstrating innovations in two model urban locations – Tiruchirappali Corporation, and Periyanaicken-palayam (PNP) and Narasimhanaicken-palayam (NNP) town panchayats. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation […]}
WaterAid • (2022) Protecting the health, safety, and dignity of sanitation workers in Tanzania
Sanitation workers provide services that are essential to public health, but often under terrible and hazardous working conditions. WaterAid Tanzania’s assessment highlighted the challenges they face and put forward the following recommendations for the Government and sanitation stakeholders: • Advocate for the recognition of sanitation workers. • Develop the capacity of Local Government […]}
Mander, H., Kumbhare, S., Bhattacharya, A., Chanchani, M. • (2020) Optimising Education and Skill-building programmes for breaking the Inter-generational chain of Manual Scavenging
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution secures to all citizens of India equality of status and opportunity. Equality of opportunity means to give equal chance to every individual for the development of his/her capacity. Education is a Fundamental Right under Article 21 (A) of the Constitution of India. The Constitution of […]}
Mander, H., Kumbhare, S., Bhattacharya, A., Halder, B,. Chanchani, M., Poyam, A., Qaiyum, A. • (2020) Implementation Review of the Prohibition of Employment of Manual Scavengers & Rehabilitation Act, 2013
There are twin tragedies that are involved in the continued prevalence of manual scavenging in our society. And one tragedy makes the other more tragic. Firstly, it is unfortunate that a country which boasts to be the world’s biggest democracy is still impervious to the fact that we have allowed […]}
UMC, WaterAid • (2020) Health, Safety and Social Security Challenges of Sanitation Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in India
While sanitation workers already face several health and safety risks, financial challenges and stigma due to the nature of their work and caste-based discrimination, the COVID-19 pandemic has further added to their challenges and vulnerabilities. The Urban Management Centre and WaterAid India jointly conducted a rapid assessment to understand the […]}
Mander, H., Kumbhare, S., Bhattacharya, A., Chanchani, M. • (2020) Ensuring effective Enrolment and Inclusion of everyone engaged in Manual Scavenging
In the 64th year of the Republic the nation, it was recognized formally through a legislative act, for the second time after the initial 1993 act, that the “dehumanising practice of manual scavenging, arising from the continuing existence of insanitary latrines and a highly iniquitous caste system” that “still persists […]}
Mander, H., Kumbhare, S., Bhattacharya, A., Chanchani, M. • (2020) Enabling and supporting women engaged in manual scavenging to successfully move to alternative livelihoods
In India, gender and caste plays a dominant role in the kinds of jobs that women in the workforce are employed in. It is well established that caste and patriarchy are the main compulsive factors that force people, especially women of the specific scheduled caste communities, into manual scavenging. They […]}
IIHS • (2019) Needs Assessment Study of Occupational and Health Hazards Faced by Desludging Workers in a City in India
Safe collection, handling and transport of fecal sludge is an integral part of septage management. Limited attention has been paid to the safe collection, transport, disposal and treatment of human excreta from septic tanks. Motorised emptying and transport involves a truck with a standalone or mounted vacuum pump along with […]}
TNUSSP • (2020) Compilation of Welfare Schemes for Sanitation Workers
Sanitation workers are the backbone of the public hygiene and waste management system. Despite providing an essential public service, their work is often unrecognised. A majority of the workers too are unaware of the social security and welfare schemes instituted by both the Central and State governments for their wellbeing, […]}
WaterAid • (2021) City-level quantification and profiling of sanitation workers : Options for integrating sanitation worker assessments in the shit flow diagram process
This report presents options for how to carry out a quantification and profiling through assessments of workers at city level. The report contains the suggested scope for a sanitation worker assessment, the dimensions to be assessed, questionnaires that could be used to generate data on these different dimensions, and possible […]}
WaterAid • (2022) Assessment of the Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers in Dar es Salaam, Dodoma and Arusha, Tanzania
Sanitation workers provide an essential public service to reach Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, but often at the cost of their dignity, safety, health, and living conditions. A key barrier to providing support for this profession is the insufficient data on sanitation workers and their work environment. As such, the aim […]}
WaterAid • (2021) Assessment of the Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers in Kano City, Nigeria
Sanitation workers provide an essential public service to reach Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, but often at the cost of their dignity, safety, health, and living conditions. A key barrier to providing support for this profession is the insufficient data on sanitation workers and their work environment. As such, the aim […]}
Mander, H., Kumbhare, S., Bhattacharya, A., Chanchani, M. • (2020) Addressing the additional challenges of Manual Scavengers and Sanitation Workers during the Pandemic
Sanitation workers in India, usually belonging to the most vulnerable and marginalized caste groups and communities, had already been facing several challenges including health risks, low and irregular wages, financial struggles, societal discrimination, and lack of access to social security measures. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in additional struggles for them, […]}
Al-Karablieh, Lauri Badi, Maha Halasheh, Ahmad Sobh, Ismail Al Baz, Rania Al’ Zoubi, Hesham Asalamat, Keith Burwell, Jens Götzenberger, Frank Pogade, Gerhard Rappold • (2019) Decentralized Wastewater Management in Jordan
The Compendium is available in English and Arabic. It covers the following topics: (A) Decentralized Wastewater Management in the light of Adaptation to Climate Change (B) Domestic Wastewater Reuse in the Context of Decentralized Wastewater Management in Jordan for Climate Change Adaptation (C) Business Models for Decentralized Wastewater Management in Jordan (D) Social acceptance […]}
Dalberg • (2018) Sanitation Worker Project | Animation
The Sanitation Workers Project is a structured, first-of-its-kind 5-month long study of sanitation workers across India carried out by Dalberg Advisors in 2017. The state of sanitation workers remains a blind spot, as workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts – financial, health and social. To develop a blueprint with […]}
Emanti Management • (2022) SFD (Lite) Report – Amathole District Municipality Eastern Cape, South Africa
The Amathole District Municipality (ADM) is in the central part of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The Amathole DM covers 200 km of coastline of the Indian Ocean in the south to the Amathole Mountains in the north. The DM jurisdiction includes large parts of the previously disadvantaged Ciskei […]}
World Bank • (2019) Sanitation Workers: Light at the End of the Tunnel?
Sanitation workers provide a fundamental public service. Yet they often face extreme health hazards and safety risks on the job. In many developing countries, they are informal workers with no legal protections or rights. With a lack of visibility in society, they can be stigmatized, marginalized and ignored. Here are […]}
Global MHH Monitoring Group • (2022) Priority List of Indicators for Girls’ Menstrual Health and Hygiene: TECHNICAL GUIDANCE FOR NATIONAL MONITORING
There is growing global recognition of menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) as an important health, education, rights, and gender equality issue. As efforts to support MHH gain momentum globally, the lack of adequate validated indicators with related measures is a critical barrier to progress. At national level, the absence of […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell • (2022) SFD Lite Report - Joypurhat Municipality, Bangladesh
Joypurhat is a municipality town and district headquarters of Joypurhat District in the division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. The city is situated in the northern part of the country, which is 250 km away from the capital city Dhaka. It is beside the Little Jamuna River and the Tulshiganga River and […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report - Nilphamari Municipality Bangladesh
Nilphamari, a city of northwestern Bangladesh and the district headquarter of Nilphamari district is situated in Rangpur Division, Bangladesh. It is located 337.5 km north-west of Dhaka. It is beside the Tista, little Jumuna, Jumuneshwari River and it is well connected with road, and railways. Nilphamari is historically and culturally […]}
Gensch, R., Ferron, S., Sandison, P., Bindel, A., Coerver, A., Cottafavi, L., Deniel, K., Ewers, L., Friedrich, M., Harter, M., Hoffmann, O., Lloyd, A., Machado, A., Shrinivasan, S., Vallis, S. • (2022) Compendium of Hygiene Promotion in Emergencies
The Compendium of Hygiene Promotion in Emergencies is a comprehensive and systematic compilation of the most relevant sector-reviewed components, tools, methods and approaches to design and implement successful hygiene promotion (HP) and behaviour change interventions. It is applicable to all critical hygiene behaviours across all response phases. It is not […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report - Magura Municipality, Bangladesh
Magura municipality, the district headquarter of Magura district is situated in Khulna Division, Bangladesh. It is located 146 km from the capital Dhaka. It is bounded by the Nabaganga River and it is well connected with road and water. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report - Sirajganj Municipality, Bangladesh
Sirajganj municipality is one of the oldest municipalities in the north-central region of Bangladesh, established in 1869, it is now recognized as a first-class municipality, consisting of 15 wards and 52 mohallas. It is lying on the west of the Jamuna River, about 141 km north-west of the capital city […]}
Government of Odisha Housing and Urban Development Department • (0) Scheme for Safety and Dignity of Core Sanitation Workers
This Scheme is introduced to ensure that core sanitation services undertaken in urban areas of Odisha is done in a safe and dignified manner and shall come into force from the date of its notification and continue until further orders The Scheme will be implemented by the Housing & Urban […]}
Govt. of Bihar • (2018) Guidelines for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Bihar
According to Census 2011, Bihar reported 11.67 million urban population i.e. 11.25% of total population of state, dwelling in 199 urban centers (which accounts 3.14% of total urban population of country). The state has 143 statutory towns and 56 census towns. The state has 143 urban local bodies(ULBs) including 12 […]}
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) • (2020) Guidance Document on Equipment & Workforce Norms for Managing Waterborne Sanitation in India
This Guidance Document on Equipment & Workforce Norms for Managing Waterborne Sanitation in India is prepared keeping in view the Safai-mitra Suraksha Challenge, 2021. All sanitary structures like sewer and septic tanks which manage sewage are susceptible to getting choked at some point of time due to ingress and settling of […]}
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) • (2020) Advisory on On-Site and Off-Site Sewage Management Practices
The fast pace of urbanization – primarily due to the quest for good quality education, healthcare facilities, job opportunities, rapid changes in lifestyle and growing aspirations in urban areas– coupled with spurt in economic activities has compounded the sanitation challenges in urban areas, as creation of sanitation infrastructure could not […]}
Government of India Ministry of Urban Development • (2017) National Policy on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM)
According to Census 2011, India’s urban population is 377 million or 31% of the total population, which is expected to increase to 600 million by 2031. The Census 2011 also showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, 7.90 million households (HHs) do not have access to toilets and defecate in the […]}
CWAS • (2020) Improving Safety of Sanitation Workers in Wai Municipal Council
In 2018, Wai was chosen as one of the eight cities across the globe for the City Wide Inclusive Sanitation Program (CWIS) funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). The municipal council of Wai (WMC) with support from Center of Water and Sanitation (CWAS), CRDF, CEPT University (CEPT) is […]}
Nikiema, J; Impraim, R; Cofie, O; Nartey, E; Jayathilake, N; Thiel, F; Drechsel, P • (2020) Training Manual for Fecal Sludge-based Compost Production and Application
Fecal sludge (FS) from on-site sanitation systems has to be well composted to reduce its pathogenic risk for reuse in agriculture, forestry or landscaping. Over the last decade, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has explored the use of FS in combination with other organic waste sources to optimize the […]}
HSE • (0) Information document (ID) on Risks from Sewage Sludge Drying Plants
1 This guidance is issued by the Health and Safety Executive. Following the guidance is not compulsory and you are free to take other action. But if you do follow the guidance you will normally be doing enough to comply with the law. Health and safety inspectors seek to secure compliance with […]}
HSE • (1996) Working with Sewage
Several work activities bring workers into contact with sewage and sewage products. Each year, some workers will suffer from at least one episode of work-related illness. The majority of illnesses are relatively mild cases of gastroenteritis, but potentially fatal diseases, such as leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) and hepatitis, are also reported to HSE. However, […]}
Water for People (WfP) • (2020) Lubigi Fecal sludge loading bay Standard operating practices
Faecal Sludge Plants (FSPs) require ongoing and appropriate operation and maintenance (O&M) activities in order to ensure long-term functionality. O&M activities are at the interface of the technical, administrative, and institutional frameworks that enable sustained FSPs function. “Operationdz refers to all the activities that are required to ensure that a […]}
PriMove • (2020) Safety Manual Of 10 Kld Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant at Kalpetta, Wayanad, Kerala
This Manual is needed for the technical persons to be trained as Operators and helpers at the FSTP site at Waynad. It contains Technical Guidelines for carrying out the works. A series of manuals are made, Operation and maintenance manual and Operator Instruction manual are the others. This Health and Safety […]}
Water UK • (2019) Occasional Guidance Note
The Water Industry is justly proud of the influence that it has had in improving safety standards, not only within its own industry, but in the UK as a whole. The original Occasional Guidance Note (OGN) upon which this revision has been based, was drafted at the request of the Health […]}
Curriculum Development Unit Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) • (2018) Zambia Qualifications Framework (Zqf) -
The Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) is an institution established under TEVETA Act No. 13 of 1998, read together with the Amendment Act No. 11 of 2005. Its functions include, to regulate, coordinate and monitor education, vocational and entrepreneurship training in consultation with stakeholders. TEVETA executes its regulatory […]}
GOPA Infra • (2021) SFD Lite Report Kabarto 2 IDP Camp, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Kabarto 2 IDP Camp is situated in the KRI and located in the Sumel District, which is part of the Duhok Governorate administration, and it lies approximately 13km southwest of Duhok. The population figures are managed by the camp management on behalf of the Directorate of Migration and Crisis Response (DMCR) […]}
GOPA Infra • (2021) SFD Lite Report Kabarto 1 IDP Camp, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Kabarto 1 IDP Camp is situated in the KRI and located in the Sumel District, which is part of the Duhok Governorate administration, and it lies approximately 13km southwest of Duhok. The population figures are managed by the camp management on behalf of the Directorate of Migration and Crisis Response (DMCR) […]}
GOPA Infra • (2021) SFD Lite Report Sharya Town, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Sharya town is situated in the KRI and located in the Sumel District, which is part of the Duhok Governorate administration, and it lies approximately 15km south of Duhok. Sharya Town is currently hosting large numbers of IDP’s, both in and out of camps. Figures received from the HoM, relating specifically […]}
FSMA • (2011) What Happens When the Pit is Full? - Seminar Report
The objective of the seminar was to enable anyone responsible for the sustainable operation of on-site sanitation systems to find out about new developments in the field, and to share their experience with counterparts from elsewhere in Southern Africa and the world. The seminar was split across six sessions and ended with two […]}
Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) • (2018) SYLLABUS FOR SKILLS AWARD IN MANUAL EMPTYING OF ON-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMS CHART NO.404
Faecal sludge management (FSM) covers the whole chain from containment, emptying and collection, transportation, treatment and disposal and end-use. Faecal sludge management (FSM), nonetheless, is applied to the context of onsite sanitation (OSS) systems only. This is particularly important for Zambia where in general close to 85 percent of the […]}
WSUP • (2017) Standard Operating Procedures for Improved Faecal Sludge Management In Kisumu County
Faecal sludge management (FSM) involves the collection, transport, safe treatment and disposal of the full contents of an on-site sanitation system e.g. a pit latrine, or a septic tank. To manage the contents appropriately; the sludge, the water and the solid waste within the containment system must be appropriately treated […]}
Abdullah Ali Halage • (0) Sanitation Safety Plan for the Collection and Transportation of Faecal Sludge from Kamwokya II Ward, Kampala Capital City Authority, Uganda.
Sanitation issues are some of the most significant development challenges for Kampala City, Uganda. Like many other capital cities in developing countries, Kampala is experiencing rapid population and economic growth. However, provision of key services including adequate sanitation for the city population has not been in tandem with these developments. […]}
CAWST • (2020) Emptying Service Competency Framework
This competency framework is designed to be a tool for emptying service providers, and the capacity development organizations that work with them, to understand the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to deliver a high-quality service. This competency framework can be used by: 1. Emptiers and capacity development organizations to structure professional development […]}
Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods • (2019) Sanitation Safety Planning
Over the years, SOIL has developed a model to provide a safely managed sanitation service to densely populated communities in Haiti, using containerbased sanitation. The objective of such an intervention is to reduce the risks to public health and the environment that unsafe sanitation practices create, and risk-based assessment methods […]}
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) • (2020) Training Module for Sanitary WorkerS on Cleaning of SeWerS and SeptiC tankS
• Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act 2013 bans hazardous cleaning of sewer/ septic tanks. • Definition: Hazardous cleaning by an employee, in relation to a sewer or septic tank, means its manual cleaning by such employee without the employer fulfilling his obligations to provide protective gear […]}
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) • (2018) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Cleaning of Sewers and Septic Tanks
As per the 2011 census, the share of urban population is 31.2% as against 28% of 2001 census of the total population of the country which is expected to be 50% by 2050. This increase in population has created a significantly enhanced demand on urban sanitation, inter alia. As per the 2011 […]}
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) • (2020) Guidance Document on Equipment & Workforce Norms for Managing Waterborne Sanitation in India
This Guidance Document on Equipment & Workforce Norms for Managing Waterborne Sanitation in India is prepared keeping in view the Safai-mitra Suraksha Challenge, 2021. All sanitary structures like sewer and septic tanks which manage sewage are susceptible to getting choked at some point of time due to ingress and settling of solids […]}
Center for Water and Sanitation CRDF; CEPT University • (2020) Standard Operating Procedures for Desludging of Septic Tanks
It is known that eradicating open defecation is only half the battle. For improving sanitation, faecal sludge and wastewater also needs to be safely managed. It is in this context that Government of India, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) issued a National Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM) […]}
Municipality Administration and Water Supply Department • (2014) Operative Guidelines for Septage Management for urban and Local Rural bodies in Tamil Nadu
The partially treated sewage that is stored in a septic tank is commonly called as Septage. It includes the liquids, solids (sludge), as well as the fats, oils and grease (scum) that accumulate in septic tanks over time. Septage management includes the entire process of design, collection, safe treatment& disposal […]}
Directorate for Public Health and Environment KCCA • (0) Minimum Standards for Onsite Sanitation Technology Options in Kampala
Availability of adequate sanitation services is one of the most significant development challenges experienced in the rapidly growing Kampala city. Over 90% of Kampala’s population relies on on-site sanitation which include flush (pour and cistern) toilets, Urine Diversion Dehydrating Toilets (UDDTs), Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (VIPs) and traditional pit latrines. The […]}
C. van der Voorden • (2022) Monitoring SDG targets 6.2 and 6.3 in Bolivia, Jordan and Uganda - brief case studies
In line with the expression ‘you manage what you measure’, high quality and regular monitoring is key for the successful achievement of SDG targets 6.2 and 6.3. SuSanA’s Vision Document states the intention to further its work to meet the increasing need for technical assistance in developing methodologies, designing monitoring […]}
GIZ_ProSecEau • (2021) Manual Akasuga Agroecological Latrine
The Akasuga technology is a low-cost agroecological latrine which has been developed and implemented by the GIZ Water and Sanitation Programme in Burundi (ProSecEau) in cooperation with the respective directions of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Hydraulics responsible of Sanitation. ProSecEau has also developed in December 2021 an […]}
CMTF • (2022) Concept Paper SuSanA 2.0
Since its foundation in 2007, SuSanA has grown to become a very large, and at times influential, network of organisations and individuals on sustainable sanitation. Its growth has contributed to challenges related to its model of structure, governance and operations, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation commissioned a consultancy […]}
S. Naznin, F. J. Deepa • (2022) Empowering Adolescent Girls through Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights and Menstrual Hygiene Management in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Considering the urgent needs of adolescent girls in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), a pilot intervention on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) was carried out through the joint collaboration of the Child Protection and WASH sections at the UNICEF Chattogram Field Office in […]}
N. Klaesener-Metzner, P. van Maanen, S. Cavill • (2022) The Status of Hand Hygiene Facilities in Public Spaces in South Asia
Access to adequate hand hygiene facilities (HHFs), including a reliable supply of water and soap, is paramount to ensure that daily hand hygiene can be practiced in public places. With COVID-19, public spaces have become an important location for the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector to engage in when it comes to […]}
R. Hendrawan, A. Thomas, I. Amongin, S. Gaya, J. Figueras • (2022) WASH in Schools (WinS) Programme in Indonesia Better Data is Helping Build a Stronger Programme
The development of WASH in Schools (WinS) in Indonesia has been progressing significantly in recent years. The availability of more and better quantitative and qualitative data on WinS has raised the interest of decision makers, both at national and local level, to improve school children’s access to water, sanitation and […]}
UNICEF, nielsen • (2020) Market assessment for safely managed sanitation in Indonesia
Realizing its commitment to providing universal access to sanitation, the Government of Indonesia aims to shift from open defecation free into safely managed sanitation as the national plan for sanitation is targeting to provide 15% of the population with access to safely managed sanitation. Based on the Statistics Bureau, in […]}
IOD PARC • (2022) Manufacturing and distributing ceramic filters for use in emergencies: An example from Viet Nam
In rural Viet Nam, 20 per cent of the population still do not have access to basic drinking water services, leading to leaving children vulnerable to diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid and other water-borne diseases. Following Cambodia’s example, Viet Nam has invested in the production and distribution of ceramic filters to address […]}
R. Hendrawan • (2022) Transformative Progress on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools Programme in Indonesia
Since 2016, significant progress has been made in ensuring Water Sanitation and Hygiene services (WinS) in Indonesia. The Ministry of Education (MoEC) published a WinS SDG profile and WinS Roadmap in 2017. The WinS SDG profile set the baseline for some of the indicators of SDG target 4.a.1: proportion of […]}
IOD PARC • (2022) Building Professionalism in Disaster Management: Standardizing and Certifying Disaster Management Expertise in ASEAN
This flagship case of the ASCEND initiative is a government-led initiative on a regional standardization/ certification process for WASH in Emergencies (WiE) related trainings amongst member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with support from the Development Partners including UNICEF. The initiative is an effort to ensure […]}
J. Ward, E. Rand (UNICEF Vanuatu) • (2022) Building Capacity for Quality WASH in Schools Construction in Vanuatu
On 7 April 2020, Tropical Cyclone (TC) Harold caused major infrastructure damage to 43% (128/298) of schools and 47% (164/349) of ECCE (early childhood care and education) centres in Vanuatu’s Sanma, Malampa and Penama provinces1. Pentecost, in Penama province, was among the hardest hit with all of the 23 schools in central and […]}
J. M. Villaseñor, L. Maule, I. Amongin, S. Gaya, J. Figueras • (2022) WASH FIELD NOTE WASH in Schools (WinS) Programme in the Philippines: Better Alignment of Policy and Management Changed the WinS Landscape.
A very centralized Department of Education (DepED) in the Philippines adopted a decentralized approach by giving all the responsibilities to school principals to adjust the school’s needs and implement a phased approach of the WASH in Schools programme. Since Typhoon Haiyan’s emergency response, addressing water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) needs […]}
M. Listyasari (UNICEF Idonesia) • (2022) Mobilizing Domestic Revenue to Increase Safely Managed Sanitation in Indonesia
A preliminary assessment was conducted to assess the need of governments to provide sustainable financing for safely managed sanitation in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in line with the new National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, the RPJMN) 2020-2024. The assessment started by identifying […]}
M. A. Kurniawan • (2022) Understanding Open Defecation Practices in Rural Aceh, Indonesia
Through Community Based Total Sanitation (known in Bahasa as Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyaralat or STBM), many rural communities in Aceh province in Indonesia have been supported to eliminate Open Defecation (OD). However, achieving Open Defecation Free (ODF) still remains a challenge for many residents. This technical paper presents the results […]}
H. Berhe (UNICEF Eritrea) • (2022) Real-time Monitoring of Handwashing Facilities in Myanmar
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the restriction of movement and closure of borders in many locations in Myanmar. This coupled with lack of access and mobility to certain areas for security reasons posed challenges to monitor handwashing interventions. In response, UNICEF developed a real time remote monitoring tool for handwashing […]}
J. Ward, E. Rand (UNICEF Vanuatu) • (2022) Innovative Use of Social Media Taking WASH in Schools to Scale in Vanuatu
Social media has become a surprisingly useful and effective tool in advancing Vanuatu’s national WASH in Schools (WinS) program. In late 2019, Vanuatu’s Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) created the WASH in Schools Vanuatu - WOSH insaet long ol Skul Vanuatu Facebook group as a tool for schools to […]}
S. Soeters, P. Mukheibir, J. Willetts • (2021) Tecnologias de tratamento na prática
O funcionamento das estações de lodo fecal e de tratamento de águas residuais raramente é desenvolvido como descrito em manual ou livro didático. No entanto, pouco foi documentado sobre os desafios práticos da vida real dos envolvidos. Essa lacuna limita a capacidade dos planejadores e tomadores de decisão de tomar as decisões de […]}
S. Soeters, P. Mukheibir, and J. Willetts • (2021) Tecnologías de tratamiento en la práctica
La operación de las plantas de tratamiento de lodos fecales y aguas residuales rara vez se desarrolla como se describe en un manual o libro de texto. Sin embargo, poco se ha documentado sobre los desafíos prácticos de la vida real involucrados. Esta brecha limita la capacidad de los planificadores y tomadores de […]}
UNICEF • (2022) Integrating Sanitation and Hygiene to Support Polio Eradication in Afghanistan’s Slums
Improvements to sanitation and hygiene are known to reduce the transmission of the poliovirus. This field note reports the experience of implementing Afghan Context Community Led Total Sanitation (AC-CLTS) in an urban context within an integrated polio eradication project targeted to high-risk polio districts. The Ministry of Public Health, provincial […]}
UNICEF • (2022) Evaluation of UNICEF’s WASH Early Recovery Project in Chitral, Pakistan
On July 16th 2015, flash floods triggered by Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) submerged various parts of the Chitral District; the northern district of Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan. The floods destroyed houses, livestock and public infrastructure. The disaster claimed three lives and left 250,000 people without access to basic services and […]}
FIT FOR SCHOOL • (2022) WASH in Schools massive open Online Course - Orientation Guide
This guide will provide insights on preconditions and principles for developing a national WinS MOOC based on the Philippines’ WinS MOOC experience, practical examples on structure, content and course outline of a typical WinS MOOC, and recommendations for adapting these processes in your institution’s context.}
Onushandhani Creeds Ltd. • (2021) SFD Lite Report Mirzapur Municipality, Tangail Bangladesh
Mirzapur municipality is one of the commercially significant towns under the Tangail District in Bangladesh. It is located about 54 Km northeast of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. It has an administrative area of about 8.58 sq. km. There are 9 wards in Mirzapur municipality. According to the population census in […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2022) SFD Lite Report Narsingdi Municipality Bangladesh
Narsingdi municipality stands on the bank of the Branch of the River Meghna and is located adjacent to the Dhaka-Sylhet National Highway and 57 km East of the capital city Dhaka. It is well connected with road, water, and railways. The city is well known for its small and medium […]}
Onushandhani Creeds Ltd. • (2021) SFD Lite Report Ghatail Municipality, Tangail Bangladesh
Ghatail Municipality is a sub-district town of Ghatail Upazilla under Tangail District, which is located about 33 Km North of Tangail Sadar Upazila and 114 Km northwest of Dhaka City. It is directly linked with the Dhaka-Tangail highway. The municipality is crossed over by Jhinai River. Ghatail beel (wetland) is […]}
Kohler, L. & Spuhler, D. • (2021) Papers to Practice
A series where we take important sanitation-related publications and break them down in 30 minutes, making them more accessible to busy professionals working to deliver inclusive, safely managed sanitation services globally. We sit with authors and ask them who should know about the paper and what are the key points […]}
Waterkeyn, J. • (2010) Hygiene Behaviour Change through the Community Health Club Approach
Good hygiene and sanitation are critical for improving family health, but most rural communities in Africa have shown little inclination to change their traditional high risk behaviour patterns, resulting in high infant mortality due to preventable diseases. With the Millennium Development Goals seeking to halve the 2.4 billion people without […]}
Barbiche, J.C., Collins, O. • (2020) Evidence-building for Cash and Markets for WASH in Emergencies
This report presents an overview of practices related to the use of market support and cash and voucher assistance (CVA) modalities for hygiene in humanitarian crises. These market-based approaches can have a number of advantages, such as improving the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency hygiene response while also supporting the […]}
Sahin, M. • (2011) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for School Children in Emergencies. A Guidebook for Teachers. UNICEF.
WASH in Schools aims to support the provision of safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities, and promotes lifelong health for children and their families. Ensuring access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in every school for every child can be a huge challenge, especially during emergencies. When disaster strikes, […]}
Thevos, A., Olsen, S. Rangel, J. M., Kaona, F. A. D., Tembo, M., Quick, R. E. • (2002) Social Marketing and Motivational Interviewing as Community Interventions for Safe Water Behaviors
To address the need for innovative approaches to diarrhea prevention in developing countries, we conducted two studies in Zambia to compare the effect of social marketing alone (SM) with social marketing plus motivational interviewing (SM+MI) on the adoption and continued use of a household-based water chlorination and storage intervention called […]}
Rosenfeld, J., Berggren, R., Frerichs, L. • (2021) A Review of the Community Health Club Literature Describing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Outcomes
The Community Health Club (CHC) model is a community-based health promotion program that utilizes water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) education as the first stage of a longitudinal development process. Although the CHC model has been implemented in fourteen countries over 20 years, this is the first review of the literature […]}
Rosenfeld, J. • (2019) Social Capital and Community Health Clubs in Haiti
One challenge facing WASH programs is that water and sanitation infrastructure are generally collective goods, while WASH behaviors involve individual responsibilities nested within collective norms. Social capital is theorized to facilitate collective action and enhance the diffusion of WASH-related behavioral interventions by enhancing social cohesion and collective action. We used […]}
Zimmerman, R., DiClemente, R., Andrus, J. K., Hosein, E. N. • (2017) Introduction to Global Health Promotion
Introduction to Global Health Promotion addresses a breadth and depth of public health topics that students and emerging professionals in the field must understand as the world's burden of disease changes with non-communicable diseases on the rise in low- and middle-income countries as their middle class populations grow. Now more […]}
Roaf, V. • (2005) Community Mapping: A Tool for Community Organising. Guidelines for WaterAid partners.
This guide is for WaterAid programmes and partners, to help them understand and use community mapping as a participatory development tool. There is already a considerable amount of experience in participatory techniques within WaterAid. They are being used to great effect in the delivery of basic servicess within both rural and […]}
Watson, C. • (1994) Proportional Piling in Turkana: A Case Study
The Turkana people of north-west Kenya are nomadic pastoralists, whose livelihood depends largely on their animals. They also engage in other activities such as growing sorghum, fishing, hunting and gathering, and trade. A study was commissioned to investigate the socio-economic context of Turkana living along the lakeshore, including the relationship […]}
Pretty, J.N., Guijt, I., Thompson, J., Scoones, I. • (1995) Participatory Learning and Action. A Trainer’s Guide.
Designed for both experienced and new trainers who have an interest in training others in the use of participatory methods, whether they are researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, villagers or trainers. The guide: provides a comprehensive background to the principles of adult learning; focuses on the facilitation skills necessary for effective training; […]}
Postma, L., Getkate, R., van Wijk, C. • (204) Life Skills-Based Hygiene Education.
Life skills-based hygiene education offers teachers the opportunity to help children obtain life skills by addressing hygiene issues. IRC is pleased to present this guidance document for the planning and development of life skills based education. It was prepared with financial support from UNICEF. It builds among others on the […]}
WEDC • (0) Fun with the ‘F’ Diagram
The movement of pathogens from the faeces of a sick person to where they are ingested by somebody else can take many pathways, some direct and some indirect. This diagram illustrates the main pathways. They are easily memorized as they all begin with the letter ‘f’: fluids (drinking water) food, […]}
Plan International • (2018) Child Friendly Feedback Mechanisms: Guide and Toolkit.
The purpose of this guide is to support Plan International and its partners in developing or strengthening child friendly feedback mechanisms in humanitarian settings. The step-by-step guidance and accompanying tools help humanitarian teams to design and implement feedback mechanisms in collaboration with children, young people and communities.}
White, S. • (2020) Global Handwashing Day Report: What Have we Learned About Promoting Hand Hygiene During the COVID-19 Pandemic
The brief is focused on hand hygiene. We have long understood the importance of hand hygiene for the reduction of diarrhoeal diseases, respiratory infections, hospital-acquired infections and during outbreaks like cholera and Ebola. Hand washing with soap or alcohol-based hand rub is an effective COVID-19 prevention measure along with physical […]}
Pizzacalla, K., Nantume, G. • (2019) Guide to WASH in Schools. WinS Models that Work.
Government reports from 2016 and 2017 identified that Ugandan schools are not meeting the national standards for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools (WinS). For this reason, in 2017, the Ministry of Education and Sports adopted the Three Star Approach for WASH in Schools. The Three Star Approach (TSA) […]}
PIN • (2017) The Barriers to Improve Hygiene and Sanitation Practices in Rural Ethiopia. People in Need.
One of the main objectives of development practitioners is to enable people to adopt and practice positive behaviours that help them to improve the quality of their lives. Development projects frequently make assumptions about why people do not follow the positive behaviors these interventions promote. However, such assumptions are often […]}
WHO • (0) Early Warning, Alert and Response Systems (EWARS)
Humanitarian emergencies increase the risk of transmission of infectious diseases and other health conditions such as severe malnutrition. An effective disease surveillance system is essential to detecting disease outbreaks quickly before they spread, cost lives and become difficult to control. WHO’s Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS) is designed […]}
WHO • (0) WHO Toolkit for Routine Health Information Systems Data
Health service data are essential for patient management, facility management, disease surveillance and monitoring of service provision and resource use. Countries also need reliable facility data to assess the performance of their health services as they work towards the UHC targets and the SDGs. Routine health facility data are collected and […]}
WHO, World Bank • (2011) World Report on Disability
The first ever World report on disability, produced jointly by WHO and the World Bank, suggests that more than a billion people in the world today experience disability. People with disabilities have generally poorer health, lower education achievements, fewer economic opportunities and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. This […]}
Skovdal, M., Newton, J., Rumi, R. U. • (2014) Photovoice Guidance
Photovoice is a participatory action research methodology that enables people to identify, represent and enhance their communities and life circumstances through photography. It is a process that "entrusts cameras to the hands of people to enable them to act as recorders, and potential analysts for social action and change, in […]}
Schmied, P. • (2017) Behaviour Change Toolkit for International Development Practitioners
This concise and practical toolkit is designed to give development practitioners the know-how they need to understand people's behaviours and to help them in designing and implementing effective behaviour change strategies. It highlights how behaviour change is key to addressing many development issues such as child mortality, food insecurity, lacking […]}
Schmied, P. • (2019) Social and Behaviour Change
This document will help you to understand: what is social and behaviour change (SBC) what drives human behaviour (a few key things; no one knows it completely!), step by step, how you can integrate SBC into the various stages of your intervention, starting from the design to its final evaluation, […]}
Schmitt, M.L., Wood, O.R., Clatworthy, D., Rashid, S. F., Sommer, M. • (2021) Innovative Strategies for Providing Menstruation-Supportive Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Facilities: Learning from Refugee Camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
There is growing attention to addressing the menstrual hygiene management (MHM) needs of the over 21 million displaced adolescent girls and women globally. Current approaches to MHM-related humanitarian programming often prioritize the provision of menstrual materials and information. However, a critical component of an MHM response includes the construction and […]}
Sclar, G., Mosler, H.-J. • (2021) Caregiver Social Support and Child Toilet Training in Rural Odisha, India: What Types of Support Facilitate Training and How?
Abstract: Studies show positive impacts of social support onchildcare practices, but there is limited research onchild toilet training. Social support with toilet trainingmay be especially important for rural Indian caregiversas this is a new childcare practice for many andmothers face an already demanding workload. The aimof this study was to […]}
Shafritz, L., Cowan, C. • (2005) Spot on Malaria
This Manual, along with the complementary publication— Spot On Malaria: A Guide to Adapting, Developing and Producing Effective Radio Spots —is intended to help those working on malaria, particularly at the district or local level, use radio to deliver critical prevention and treatment messages to those not often reached by […]}
Smith, J., Blanchet, K. • (2020) Research Methodologies in Humanitarian Crises
Humanitarian needs are extensive and widespread. In order to best respond to the needs of people affected by humanitarian crises, research in humanitarian settings is increasingly recognised as a valuable endeavour which allows for contextually relevant knowledge generation. Despite widespread appreciation of the value of research conducted in humanitarian settings, the […]}
Sphere • (2021) Sphere in Context for Assessments, Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning
This resource explains why it is important to use Sphere standards throughout the humanitarian programme cycle, and how to do so. The document starts with a section on how to use humanitarian standards in your context. This is followed by standalone but complementary chapters for Assessment, Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning.}
Tufte, T., Mefalopulos, P. • (2009) Participatory Communication. A Practical Guide
Many communication practitioners and development workers face obstacles and challenges in their practical work. A participatory communication strategy offers a very specific perspective on how to articulate social processes, decision-making processes, and any change process for that matter. Participatory approaches are nothing new. However, what is new is the proliferation […]}
UNHCR • (2020) WASH in Schools Checklist
The UNHCR WASH Monitoring System includes monitoring of refugee schools following the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) guidelines, model questions and standard indicators. All refugee schools should be surveyed at least once a year. Indicators are tracked on the Refugee WASH in Schools Dashboard.}
UNHCR, World Vison, RANAS, SDC • (2021) Designing a Theory and Evidence-based COVID-19 Prevention Programme that is Feasible within a Refugee Camp
UNHCR, World Vision, and RANAS Ltd. came together in April 2020 to design a theory-driven evidence-based behaviour change intervention aiming to increase handwashing with soap (HWWS) and physical distancing among Tongogara Refugee Camp residents in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.}
UNICEF • (2020) Guidance on Market-Based Sanitation
One of the key programming approaches adopted in UNICEF’s Strategy for WASH (2016-2030) is to build sustainable markets for sanitation goods and services. Market-based sanitation (MBS) is defined as a development approach to improve sanitation in a country by building the sanitation market of goods and services for which the […]}
UNICEF • (2007) Indicators for Monitoring Hygiene Promotion in Emergencies
During emergencies it is important to monitor the impact of Hygiene Promotion including the change in community hygiene practices which can contribute to the reduction of WASH related diseases. Information provided by monitoring can usefully be fed back into future evaluation and planning of Hygiene Promotion projects so the objectives […]}
UNICEF • (2014) Joint WASH Assessment
This report presents the findings of a joint water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) assessment conducted in nine official refugee camp settlements across three governorates in the Kurdistan Region of Northern Iraq (Dohuk, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah). The Syrian refugee population targeted by this assessment lives in permanent and transitional shelters in […]}
UNICEF • (0) Sanitary Survey Checklists. WASH Safety Planning
This Sanitary Survey Checklist Guide provides a methodical way to identify the factors or features of the existing school WASH system that contribute to an increased risk to the health of school children and teachers. It should be possible for the school community, with a assistance from the facilitator and […]}
UNICEF • (2017) UNICEF Field Notes on Community Approaches to Total Sanitation
Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (CATS) aim to achieve 100 per cent open defecation free (ODF) communities through affordable, appropriate technology and behaviour change. Some of the key principles guiding CATS are: • An emphasis on the sustained use of sanitation facilities by every community member, rather than simply the construction […]}
UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office • (2007) The Participation of Young People and Children in Emergencies
Introduction Purpose and rationale Children have made significant and valuable contributions in emergency situations. They have taken on roles and responsibilities and they have taken action – including life-saving decisions. They have responded spontaneously and taken part in planned relief and recovery action. This has included them in protecting lives, providing health […]}
UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa • (2020) Baby WASH Programming
The purpose of this Learning Note is to highlight the potential impact of Baby WASH, which sits at the intersection of critical interventions for childhood health, and to illustrate simple entry points and possible approaches to programming in Eastern and Southern Africa.}
Philippines Department of Education • (2020) Wins Monitoring Results. School Year 2017/18 to School Year 2019/2020
This report provides an overview of the WinS situation in the Philippines over three years of program implementation from SY 2017/18 to SY 2019/20, and the big progress DepEd has made in improving the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) situation in schools.}
Pezzullo, L., Corna, F. et a. • (2013) ABC - Assisting Behaviour Change. Designing and Implementing Programmes in ACF Using an ABC Approach. Part 1. Theories and Models. ACF.
Behaviour change initiatives are fundamental to achieving project objectives through the reinforcement of positive practices, the identification of new or alternative practices and the promotion of structural changes of specific psychosocial variables such as knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and social norms. The behaviour change process can be divided into two aspects: […]}
Petit, V., Zalk, T.N. • (2019) Everybody wants to belong: A Practical Guide to Tackling and Leveraging Social Norms in Behavior Change Programming.
We are very pleased to present the Practical guide to tackling and leveraging social norms in behavior change programming. It provides UNICEF, its governmental and non-governmental partners with accessible and engaging information on social norms, the role they play in perpetuating or changing harmful behaviors, and best practices for […]}
Petit, V. • (2019) The Behavioural Drivers Model. A Conceptual Framework for Social and Behaviour Change Programming.
This Conceptual Framework for Social and Behaviour Change Programming gathers in one place a wide variety of theories and presents the Behavioural Drivers Model which informs a set of research and programming tools recently developed and used by UNICEF, including Everybody wants to belong: Practical guide to tackling and leveraging […]}
Peal, A., Evans, B. et al. • (2010) Hygiene and Sanitation Software. An Overview of Approaches.
This document describes the various hygiene and sanitation ‘software’ approaches that have been deployed over the last 40 years by NGOs, development agencies, national and local governments in all types of settings – urban, informal-urban and rural.}
Palmer, J. • (2020) Summary Report on Doing Community Engagement at a Distance. COVID-19 Hygiene Hub.
In this brief we consider how community engagement needs to be adapted to suit physical distancing recommendations. Hygiene promotion staff often play a key role in engaging and interacting with communities so this brief is written with them in mind.}
Oxfam • (2018) Sani Tweaks. Best Practices in Sanitation. Booklet
Studies have shown that agencies are failing to properly consult or collect and act on feedback from the users of the latrines they build, leading many people – especially women and girls – to stop using those latrines as they find them inaccessible, unsuitable and/or unsafe. Consequently, this increases public […]}
Oxfam • (0) Safe Programming in Humanitarian Responses. A Guide to Managing Risks.
All Oxfam humanitarian responses must include proactive measures to ensure we do not inadvertently cause harm to people, nor undermine the values, standards and norms that underpin our work. Humanitarian work takes place in high-risk environments. Actively managing actual and potential risks enables us to do this work more effectively […]}
Oxfam • (2009) Public Health Briefing Paper: Working with Community Committees.
Strong community participation, often channelled through beneficiary groups or committees, is the backbone of Oxfam‟s approach to Public Health programming. It facilitates community-led project design, implementation and monitoring, and encourages participation and accountability. Working with committees also allows us to work effectively with large populations and to continue activities when […]}
IFRC • (2020) Indaba: Participatory Video Monitoring on a WASH in Indonesia
A participatory video by youth from the community of Tumbit Melayu feedback on the water, sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH) project implemented by the Indonesian Red Cross Society (Palang Merah Indonesia-PMI) with the support of IFRC in the district of Berau, East Kalimantan province.}
IFRC • (0) IEC Materials for Health Promotion in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Resilience Library Southeast Asia Resources
The documents outlines information on health, water, sanitation and hygiene issues and includes 10 documents: Diarrhoea Prevention, Transmission of Diarrhoea, Diarrhoea Treatment for adult and child: Definition and signs, Diarrhoea prevention on food, cleaning, water use, sanitation, two main ways of transmission, 3 treatment ways for adults and children Personal Hygiene: in […]}
Hope, A., Timmel, S. • (1995) Training for Transformation. A Handbook for Community Workers
Three volumes designed to assist workers in the field who are encouraging the development of self-reliant creative communities. The book has as its basic philosophy the belief that we should all participate in making this world a more just place to live in. Training for Transformation integrates the approach of […]}
Harvey, P. • (2011) Community-Led Total Sanitation, Zambia: Stick Carrot or Ballon?
It is clear that there is a need for more effective strategies to increase sanitation coverage in rural areas, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. One such strategy which is expanding in the sub-continent is community-led total sanitation (CLTS). However, CLTS has been criticized for 'shaming' communities.}
Farrington, M. • (2019) Social and Feminist Design in Emergency Contexts: The Women’s Social Architecture Project, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
The rapid influx of Rohingya refugees into Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, has led to the formation of huge camps, built on difficult terrain, short of space and with high population density. All these factors present numerous challenges to agencies seeking to provide latrines, water points, and bathing facilities. Feedback gathered from […]}
Bessenecker, C., Walker, L., Efem, I., Morales, L. • (2003) Positive Deviance / Hearth Materials: A Resource Guide for Sustainably Rehabilitating Malnourished Children
A Positive Deviance/Hearth Nutrition Program (PD/Hearth) is a home- and neighborhood-based nutrition program for children who are at risk for protein-energy malnutrition in developing countries. The program uses the “positive deviance” approach to identify those behaviors practiced by the mothers or caretakers of well-nourished children from low-resource families and to […]}
Contzen, N., Inauen, J. • (2015) Social-Cognitive Factors Mediating Intervention Effects on Handwashing: A Longitudinal Study
Handwashing with soap effectively prevents diarrhoea, a leading cause of death in infants. Theory-based interventions are expected to promote handwashing more successfully than standard approaches. The present article investigates the underlying change processes of theory-based handwashing interventions. A nonrandomised field study compared a standard approach to two theory-based interventions that […]}
Cion, I. • (2006) A Refugee Camp Beautification Proposal that Seeks to Uplift both Environment and Spirits
A Refugee Camp Beautification project is proposed as a way to uplift both environment and to bring a positive identity to the refugees. A key component of the project is to maximize the sense of ownership and wellbeing. Two radical tools make this type of work possible: digital photography and […]}
Brooks, J., Adams, A., Bendjemil, S., Rosenfeld, J. • (2015) Putting Heads and Hands Together to Change Knowledge and Behaviours: Community Health Clubs in Port-au-Prince
Although interventions that emphasize the role of knowledge in invoking behaviour change have recently become unpopular, the Community Health Club (CHC) model has demonstrated how group knowledge, consensus building, and peer pressure can be applied to achieve hygiene behaviour change. To date, the model has predominantly been implemented in rural […]}
BBC Media Action • (2020) Community Engagement from a Distance - Guide
This short guide to community engagement at a distance is designed to assist development and humanitarian agencies to think through how risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) activities related to COVID-19 can be carried out without face-to-face interaction with communities. It is intended for communities in Bangladesh and was produced […]}
Aunger, R., Curtis, V. • (2014) The Evo-Eco Approach to Behaviour Change
We introduce a new approach to behaviour change called ‘Evo–Eco’ because of its intellectual roots in evolutionary biology and ecological psychology. This approach is based on the inference that brains evolved to provide adaptive behavioural responses to rapidly changing or complex environmental conditions. From this foundation, we develop a model […]}
Almedom, A., Blumenthal, U., Manderson, L. • (1997) Hygiene Evaluation Procedures, Approaches and Methods for Assessing Water- and Sanitation-Related Hygiene Practices
The handbook provides practical guidelines for evaluation water- and sanitation-related hygiene practices. An evaluation of hygiene practices can be used for the purposes of project planning, monitoring, or final assessment of the project’s impact. The main focus is on the practical concerns of field personnel working in water supply, sanitation, […]}
Akvo • (2017) Emergency Support to WASH in Schools
Tropical Cyclone Winston hit Fiji from 19 to 20 February as a Category 5 system with winds of 220 kmph, gusting up to 325 kmph, and this time through much more populated islands. TC Winston not only was the first Category 5 tropical cyclone of record to hit Fiji, but […]}
ACF, Nutrition Action Zimbabwe, Africa AHEAD • (2021) Tracking and Responding to Community Perceptions about the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe implemented COVID-19-related restrictions early into the pandemic to limit the spread of the virus. These restrictions added to the ongoing macroeconomic crisis and high levels of inflation have had critical effects on individuals and businesses. Community perceptions associated with the virus and the restrictions, therefore, fluctuated throughout the pandemic.}
Oxfam • (2018) Mum’s Magic Hands. Global Story Board
Oxfam and Unilever’s Chief Sustainability Office carried out extensive research on handwashing practice in emergency contexts. We found nurture to be one of the most powerful motivators driving handwashing with soap among mothers. Even during a crisis, mothers continue to nurture their children to ensure they go onward in life […]}
Oxfam • (2018) Mum’s Magic Hands. Asia Storyboard
Oxfam and Unilever’s Chief Sustainability Office carried out extensive research on handwashing practice in emergency contexts. We found nurture to be one of the most powerful motivators driving handwashing with soap among mothers. Even during a crisis, mothers continue to nurture their children to ensure they go onward in life […]}
Kramer, H.K., Krauss, M., León, C.D. • (2020) A Transect Walk to Observe Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Undertaken in the Rural Municipality San Andrés de Tupicocha in the Peruvian Andes
Indicators are essential to monitor the progress of the Agenda 2030. An indicator summarizes information and helps policy makers to take important decisions regarding the implementation of measures to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, this requires data that is not available in many places. In order to fill […]}
Kraemer, S., Mosler, H.-J. • (2011) Effectiveness and Effects of Promotion Strategies for Behaviour Change: Solar Water Disinfection in Zimbabwe
Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a sustainable method of water treatment. Despite the simplicity and many advantages of SODIS, past behaviour change campaigns have seen limited success. This study aims to compare intervention strategies in their efficiency in changing behaviour and to analyse which behavioural factors are differentially affected. The […]}
Kittle, B.L. • (2017) A Practical Guide to Conducting a Barrier Analysis. Second Edition
The Practical Guide to Conducting a Barrier Analysis is a training curriculum that builds skills to plan and carry out a Barrier Analysis survey. The very practical, hands-on learning exercises help learners to answer the most common and frequently perplexing questions that arise during implementation. The use of the survey […]}
Johns Hopkins University, IFRC • (2008) The Johns Hopkins and Red Cross Red Crescent Public Health Guide in Emergencies. 2nd Edition
This is the second edition of The Johns Hopkins and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Public Health Guide for Emergencies, a textbook that has been widely used in the classroom and the field. We are excited with the production of this second edition which captures both […]}
Inauen, J., Mosler, H.-J. • (2016) Mechanisms of Behavioural Maintenance: Long-Term Effects of Theory-Based Interventions to Promote Safe Water Consumption
Theory-based interventions can enhance people's safe water consumption, but the sustainability of these interventions and the mechanisms of maintenance remain unclear. We investigated these questions based on an extended theory of planned behaviour. Seven hundred and ten (445 analysed) randomly selected households participated in two cluster-randomised controlled trials in Bangladesh. […]}
Impact Initiatives • (2020) Research Design Guidance: Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting units (i.e. a sample) within the wider population of interest, so as to be able to make inferences and estimate characteristics and behaviour of the wider population. Sampling is different from census which is when every single unit within the wider population of interest […]}
IFRC, UNICEF, WHO • (0) Covid-19 Global Response Risk Communication & Community Engagement (RCCE) Strategy
A clear and integrated Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) strategy and response is vital for community uptake of essential public health and biomedical interventions to prevent and control the spread of disease. This strategy ensures dialogue and participation of all stakeholders and affected communities during preparedness, readiness and response. The […]}
USAID • (2020) Promoting Latrine Sales in CLTS Interventions through Integrated Sanitation Marketing
In 2015, after a decade of approaching rural sanitation by subsidizing latrine construction with minimal results, the Government of Senegal launched a new strategy for rural sanitation defined by a transfer of responsibility for the acquisition of sanitation services to communities. This created an opportunity for market-based approaches for increased […]}
US Department of Health and Human Services • (2005) Theory at a Glance
Theory at a Glance describes influential theories of health related behaviors, the process of shaping behaviors, and the effects of ecological factors on behavior. The guide addresses the ways in which theory and models can be used in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health promotion programs.}
USAID • (2018) An Examination of CLTS’s Contributions Toward Universal Sanitation
Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a revolutionary idea and an inspiring practice. The enthusiasm of its many adherents in government and civil society is understandable. This desk review examines the refereed and gray literature on CLTS, with the central objective of assessing the knowledge base on best practices and identifying […]}
Valadez, J., Weiss, W., Leburg, C., Davis, R. • (2001) A Trainers Guide for Baseline Surveys and Regular Monitoring
This manual is for community health program managers, field supervisors, and others who need to monitor and evaluate their programs. Most often people who have such a responsibility, also have to collect data as one of their tasks. The manual will aid them to train others in a simple and rapid […]}
Walker, A., Early, J. • (2010) “We Have to Do Something for Ourselves": Using Photovoice and Participatory Action Research to Assess the Barriers to Caregiving for Abandoned and Orphaned Children in Sierra Leone
The purpose of this qualitative participatory action research study was multi-fold: first, to identify the ecological factors which impede and promote health and well-being among orphaned and abandoned children in Sierra Leone; second, to facilitate Photovoice, a participatory action research method, among NGO workers to identify barriers to caregiving for orphaned […]}
IFRC, UNICEF • (2020) Guide to Run Focus Group Discussions with Community Volunteers. Risk Communication and Community and Community Engagement for the New Coronavirus
The purpose of this risk communication and community engagement guide is to help you run a focus group discussion (FGD) with community volunteers to understand the questions, rumours, suggestions and concerns they are hearing about the new coronavirus from people during their work in communities. Volunteers live and work in […]}
IFRC, UNICEF • (2020) Focus Group Discussion Guide for Communities. Risk Communication and Community Engagement for the New Coronavirus
The purpose of this risk communication and community engagement guide is to help you run a focus group discussion (FGD) with community members to find out the perceptions, questions, suggestions and rumours within the community about the new coronavirus. It is important the Red Cross and Red Crescent understands what […]}
Wang, C.C., Yi, W.K., Tao, Z.W., Carovano, K. • (1998) Photovoice as a Participatory Health Promotion Strategy
Photovoice is a participatory action research strategy by which people create and discuss photographs as a means of catalyzing personal and community change. The use of photovoice as an effective tool for carrying out participatory needs assessment, conducting participatory evaluation and reaching policy-makers has been discussed elsewhere. Here the authors […]}
IFRC • (0) Venn Diagram. EVCA Toolbox
A Venn diagram is a drawing, in which circular areas represent groups of items sharing common properties. Venn diagrams can be used to collect social data by using circles to show the links or relationships between different parts of a community or institution. A Venn diagram in the context of […]}
Washington Group on Disability Statistics • (2020) The Washington Group Short Set on Functioning (WG-SS)
The WG Short Set of six questions on functioning for use on national censuses and surveys was developed, tested and adopted by the Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG). The questions reflect advances in the conceptualization of disability and use the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and […]}
Oxfam • (2018) Mum’s Magic Hands. Africa Storyboard
Oxfam and Unilever’s Chief Sustainability Office carried out extensive research on handwashing practice in emergency contexts. We found nurture to be one of the most powerful motivators driving handwashing with soap among mothers. Even during a crisis, mothers continue to nurture their children to ensure they go onward […]}
Oxfam • (2018) Mum’s Magic Hands. A Field Guide for Rapid Implementation of Handwashing Promotion in Emergencies
Handwashing promotion programmes in emergencies are important, as they significantly contribute to the reduction of diarrhoea-related diseases. These programmes traditionally focus on the health benefits of handwashing as a key motivator. Information – in the form of messages – is delivered to beneficiaries about the key times to wash hands […]}
IFRC • (2017) Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Toolkit: Adaptation for Latin America and the Caribbean
The Americas Regional Office of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), through its Zika Response Team, has adapted an interactive toolkit and teaching guides for Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Prevention to the regional context by translating the materials to Spanish and adding a Seasonal Calendar […]}
Oxfam • (2012) Hygiene Promotion for Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Emergencies UK
It is now well accepted that despite source water being safe, water can be contaminated during transportation and storage and the hygienic handling of water during transport, storage and use is an important aspect of hygiene promotion in all WASH interventions In an emergency, it may not always be possible to […]}
Oxfam • (2015) Gender Analysis in WASH. Recovery Assistance to Earthquake Affected Communities of Sindhupalchok.
A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal on 25 April 2015. This was followed by several powerful aftershocks, including a major one (7.3 magnitude) on 12 May, 2015. A total of 8,855 people were confirmed dead and a further 22,309 suffered injuries as a result of the earthquakes. Out of Nepal’s […]}
IFRC • (2010) VCA Toolbox with Reference Sheets
This toolbox looks at different participatory investigative tools that can be used by National Society staff and volunteers to accomplish a successful VCA. As shown in the diagram below, it forms part of a comprehensive four-part series of publications addressing all aspects of VCA.}
IFRC • (0) Transect Walk. EVCA Toolbox
A transect walk involves walking through the community to observe and discuss the daily activities, the surroundings and the risks and resources. It is used to note the sites and topography of the area, to understand interrelationships based on space. It is a useful exercise to do in the assessment […]}
Oxfam • (2018) An Introduction to Community Engagement in WASH
The overall aim of Oxfam’s WASH response in emergencies is to minimise public health risks in relation to water, sanitation and hygiene. This means working more directly with a wide range of people affected by the crisis to better understand them, to motivate them to make positive behaviour changes, and […]}
Oxfam • (0) Working with Children in Humanitarian WASH Programmes
Children under five years can represent up to 20% of the population. In some cases children under 18 years may represent over 50% of the population. They are thus major stakeholders in all humanitarian programmes. This briefing paper describes the practical issues that need to be considered when involving children […]}
Otieno, P. V. • (2012) The 'Shame Question' in CLTS.
There has been an interesting debate going on about the elements of shame, fear and disgust used during CLTS triggering session. The debate has been between those who believe that the element of shame as applied during a CLTS trigger is unethical as it amounts to degrading and embarrassing the […]}
IFRC • (2020) Protection, Gender and Inclusion in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Guidance Note
This guidance note provides an overview of key PGI issues to consider when assessing, designing, implementing and monitoring both long-term and humanitarian WASH programmes, in the Red Cross Red Crescent context.}
IFRC • (2019) Menstrual Hygiene Management Guideline and Tools
Menstrual hygiene management, or MHM, refers to a range of actions and interventions that ensure that people who menstruate can privately, safely and hygienically manage their menstruation with confidence and dignity. MHM is not only about distributing pads or providing education to girls. Effective MHM actions have three main components: […]}
IFRC • (2005) Guidelines for Emergency Assessment
1.1 Why is an assessment methodology necessary? Assessment is a vital element of the programme-planning process. Assessment provides the information on which decisions will be made. Whilst good information does not guarantee a good programme, poor information almost certainly guarantees a bad one. The use of a standard methodology means that […]}
Oxfam • (2007) The Good Enough Guide. Impact Measurement and Accountability in Emergencies. Emergency Capacity Building Project.
What difference are we making? How do we know? The Good Enough Guide helps busy field workers to address these questions. It offers a set of basic guidelines on how to be accountable to local people and measure programme impact in emergency situations. Its 'good enough' approach emphasises simple and practical […]}
IFRC • (0) Focus Group Discussion Guide – Assessment. Menstrual Hygiene Management in Emergencies
These guidelines outline a step-by-step process for Red Cross Red Crescent staff and volunteers to plan and implement effective, context appropriate hygiene promotion, without taking shortcuts or delivering ‘hygiene messages’. The guidelines provide National Societies with a standard approach for quality assurance, and an opportunity for more effective training and […]}
OHCHR • (0) Checklist for Mainstreaming Protection in WASH Programmes. Protection and WASH Cluster.
This checklist is a tool to assist in incorporating protection in water and sanitation interventions. The questions are intended to assist organizations in identifying issues that should be factored into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of their programmes and projects.}
Nzioki, M.N., Korir, A • (2020) Effective Methods for Community Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion in the Developing World: A Scoping Review
World Health Organization data on the burden of disease shows that approximately 3.1% of deaths (1.7 million) and 3.7% (54.2 million) of disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs) worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. In Africa and developing countries in South East Asia 4-8% of all disease burdens are attributable to […]}
IFRC • (2020) Feedback Starter Kit. Tool 15
This feedback starter-kit responds to key questions and provides the most important tips for setting up and running a simple feedback mechanism. The kit includes an overview of templates containing the necessary basic elements to implement and run a feedback mechanism. All tools can be found under the 'related resources' […]}
IFRC • (2009) Disease Transmission (Chain of Contamination)
The purpose of these exercises is to draw on the participants’ existing knowledge and experience and assess their understanding of how diarrhoea, malaria or other water and sanitation diseases are transmitted. The activities can also be used to motivate people to take action by asking what can be done about […]}
IFRC • (2021) Community Engagement and Accountability Toolkit
This toolkit contains tools that can help National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies – as well as other organizations – to assess, design, implement, monitor and evaluate community engagement and accountability activities in support of programmes and operations. The toolkit should be used in conjunction with our Guide to […]}
IFRC • (2021) A Guide to Community Muralisation
Community murals could help CEA practitioners to promote coexistence in public spaces; involving communities, it can be a vehicle for social cohesion and inclusion. This guide presents the steps to follow to develop a community muralisation activity within a migration framework.}
IASC • (2019) Guidelines. Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action
The guidelines set out essential actions that humanitarian actors must take in order to effectively identify and respond to the needs and rights of persons with disabilities who are most at risk of being left behind in humanitarian settings. The recommended actions in each chapter place persons with disabilities at the […]}
IASC • (2018) Guideline. The Gender Handbook for Humanitarian Action
The Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) published the original Women, Girls, Boys and Men. Different Needs — Equal Opportunities: Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action in 2006. The purpose of the handbook was to provide humanitarian actors with guidance on gender analysis, planning and actions to ensure that the needs, priorities and […]}
Hulland, K., Leontsini, E., Dreibelbis, R., Unicomb, L., Afroz, A., Dutta, N.C., Nizame, F.A., Luby, S.P., Ram, P.K., Winch, P.J. • (2013) Designing a Handwashing Station for Infrastructure-Restricted Communities in Bangladesh Using the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions (IBM-WASH)
In Bangladesh diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of infection; however, handwashing rates in infrastructure-restricted settings remain low. Handwashing stations – a dedicated, convenient location where both soap and water are available for handwashing – are associated with improved […]}
House, S., Ferron, S. et al. • (2014) Violence, Gender and WASH. A Practitioner´s Toolkit. Toolset 4-E Methodologies for Working With Communities. Pocket Chart Voting and Participatory Ranking
Pocket charts and participatory ranking are two useful methodologies that can help to identify differences in experiences and opinions of different groups in the community, as well as to understand the scale of a problem. As pocket chart voting can be done in private, this method could be well suited […]}
House, J.S. • (1987) Social Support and Social Structure
The burgeoning study of social support in relation to social stress and health would benefit from increased attention to issues of social structure. Three aspects of social relationships, all often referred to as social support, must be more clearly distinguished—(1) their existence or quantity (i.e., social integration), (2) their formal […]}
Health Communication Capacity Collaborative • (2016) SBCC for Emergency Preparedness. Implementation Kit
In the wake of Ebola and in the throes of the Zika outbreak, more focus than ever is on the importance of strong and resilient1 health systems that serve and promote the well-being of individuals, households and communities. Engaging in social and behavior change communication (SBCC) preparedness efforts as part […]}
Hart, R.A. • (1992) Children’s Participation: from Tokenism to Citizenship
A nation is democratic to the extent that its citizens are involved, particularly at the community level. The confidence and competence to be involved must be gradually acquired through practice. It is for this reason that there should be gradually increasing opportunities for children to participate in any aspiring democracy, […]}
Norman, P., Conner, P • (2005) Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models. 2nd Edition.
The study of behaviours that influence health and the factors determining which individuals will and will not perform such behaviours has become a key area of research within health psychology. As the second edition of this book testifies, there is a considerable and impressive body of research in this area. […]}
Niederberger, E., Glanville-Wallis, T. • (2019) Community Engagement in WASH Emergencies: Understanding Barriers and Enablers Based on Action Research from Bangladesh and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Engaging communities in humanitarian programming is key to ensuring their participation in decision-making that affects them as outlined by commitment 4 of the Core Humanitarian Standards. Based on learning from the West-African Ebola response (2014–2016), Oxfam’s WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) team is undertaking a paradigm shift toward greater community […]}
Nembrini, P.G. • (2005) Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons.
This handbook offers a summary of the practical experience gained. It is not intended to provide answers to all problems relating to material conditions of detention, for such problems have to be approached also from the angle of the organization of prison administrations and of the management of prisons and […]}
Narayan D. • (1993) Participatory Evaluation. Tools for Managing Change in Water and Sanitation. World Bank Technical Paper No. 207.
There is now widespread recognition that participatory development-involvinig users and communities in all stages of the development process-is critical for achieving sustained benefits. By responding to felt needs, and by involving stakeholders intimately in all aspects of a program, participatory development creates "ownership," accountability, and a willingness on the part […]}
Groupe URD • (2009) Participation Handbook for Humanitarian Field Workers. Chapter 1-7
The Participation Handbook for humanitarian field workers contains detailed practical advice on the participation of affected people in humanitarian action. It has three sections: Developing a participatory approach (main issues, key factors, building mutual respect, communication methods and advice on reviewing your approach); Implementing your participatory approach at every stage […]}
Greenland, K., Chipungu, J., Chilengi, R., Curtis, V. • (2016) Theory-Based Formative Research on Oral Rehydration Salts and Zinc Use in Lusaka, Zambia
Fourteen behaviour trials were conducted among caregivers of children under-five with diarrhoea. Caregivers were recruited from two clinics situated in rural and peri-urban Lusaka. Trials took ten days and data were captured using video, observation and repeated interviews. Additional data were collected through focus group discussions with mothers, observations in […]}
Waterkeyn, J., Matimati, R., Muringaniza, A., Chigono, A., Ntakarutimana, A., Katabarwa, J., Bigirimana, Z., Pantoglou, J., Waterkeyn A., Cairncross, S. • (2019) Comparative Assessment of Hygiene Behaviour Change and Cost-Effectiveness of Community Health Clubs in Rwanda and Zimbabwe
Two similar Community Health Club (CHC) interventions to achieve hygiene behaviour change and improved family health in Africa took place—one in Zimbabwe implemented by an NGO and the other in Rwanda as part of a Randomized Control Trial. Both interventions achieved high levels of community response, although the Zimbabwe project […]}
Waterkeyn, J. • (2006) District Health Promotion Using the Consensus Approach
This manual is a guideline for those planners looking for a practical methodology for conducting a health promotion project at District Level. The focus is primarily on applying this approach to rural areas; however the approach is still applicable to an urban setting. The manual takes approximately 1.5 hours to read and is […]}
Waterkeyn, J., Cairncross, S. • (2005) Creating Demand for Sanitation and Hygiene Through Community Health Clubs
Unless strategies are found to galvanise rural communities and create a demand for sanitation, we cannot achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goal of halving the 2.4 billion people without sanitation by the year 2015. This study describes an innovative methodology used in Zimbabwe—Community Health Clubs—which significantly changed hygiene behaviour […]}
Waterkeyn, J., Matimati, R., Muringaniza, A. • (2009) ZOD for all - Scaling up the Community Health Club Model to Meet the MDGs for Sanitation in Rural and Urban Areas
Most countries in Africa will fall short of meeting the MDG targets for the provision of water and sanitation due to lack of financial and institutional capacity (WSP-Africa, 2006). Although safe sanitation has been found to be the most effective single intervention in reducing diarrhoea (Esrey, et al.1991), this does […]}
Waterkeyn, J., Waterkeyn, A. • (2013) Creating a Culture of Health: Hygiene Behaviour Change in Community Health Clubs Through Knowledge and Positive Peer Pressure
Understanding the mechanisms that trigger behaviour change to overcome risky hygiene is critical to improving family health. Research in an integrated health promotion programme in 382 Community Health Clubs (CHCs) in three districts of Zimbabwe showed clearly the value members attached to gaining ‘knowledge’, which was their strongest motivation for […]}
Waterkeyn, J., Waterkeyn, A., Uwingabire, F., Pantoglou, J., Ntakarutimana, A., Mbirira, M., Katabarwa, J., Bigirimana, Z., Cairncross, S., Carter, R. • (2020) The Value of Monitoring Data in a Process Evaluation of Hygiene Behaviour Change in Community Health Clubs to Explain Findings from a Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial in Rwanda
Background: A cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial evaluation of the impact of the Community Health Clubs (CHCs) in the Community Based Environmental Health Promotion Programme in Rwanda in 2015 appeared to find little uptake of 7 hygiene indicators 1 year after the end of the intervention, and low impact on prevention of diarrhoea […]}
Waterkeyn, J., Okot, P., Kwame, V. • (2005) Rapid Sanitation Uptake in the Internally Displaced People Camps of Northern Uganda Through Community Health Clubs
One of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world is currently taking place in Northern Uganda where 89% of the population in Gulu District now live in 33 Internally Displaced People’s (IDP) Camps, with low levels of home hygiene and only 5% sanitation coverage. A local NGO, Health Integrated Development […]}
Watson, J., Dreibelbis, R., Aunger, R., Deola, C., King, K., Long, S., Chase, R. P., Cumming, O. • (2018) Child's Play: Harnessing Play and Curiosity Motives to Improve Child Handwashing in a Humanitarian Setting
Abstract In humanitarian emergency settings there is need for low cost and rapidly deployable interventions to protect vulnerable children, in- and out-of-school, from diarrhoeal diseases. Handwashing with soap can greatly reduce diarrhoea but interventions specifically targeting children's handwashing behaviour in humanitarian settings have not been tested. Traditional children's handwashing promotion interventions […]}
Gonzales, L., Güllemann, H., Thyberghien, H. • (2010) Community Led Total Sanitation in the Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement. Discussion Paper
PHAST shares the same participatory learning principles as CLTS, which aim at gaining self-esteem, believing in people‟s ability to solve basic problems with their own resources. PHAST and CLTS also have in common the technical scope in their original conception, since both have been designed to focus on sanitation issues […]}
Reed, B., Bevan, J. • (2014) Managing Hygiene Promotion in WASH Programmes
Managers of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes normally acknowledge that people need to behave in a hygienic manner to protect water supplies and ensure that sanitation facilities are used properly. However, promoting hygienic behaviour differs from the construction of infrastructure, with indicators of progress being less concrete. This means […]}
Goel, S., Chandrashekar, B.R. • (2020) Evaluating the Efficacy of Handwashing Demonstration on Hand Hygiene Among School Students. An Interventional Study
This was an interventional study carried out over a period of 5 days among 21 schoolchildren aged 12–18 years in their respective school premises. Participants were requested to rub their hands with an UV-sensitive fluorescent lotion and then wash them. Hands were air-dried and examined under UV rays for blue […]}
WEDC, WaterAid • (2013) Accessibility and Safety Audit of Water and Sanitation Facilities
Purpose: To evaluate the level of accessibility and safety of an existing water and/or sanitation facility and its surrounds, and to identify possible changes or improvements. Diversity message: Simple changes to facilities and their surrounds can improve their usability for a wide range of users, thus avoiding the need for separate […]}
GOARN, IFRC, UNICEF, WHO • (2020) Tips for Engaging Communities during COVID-19 in Low-Resource Settings, Remotely and In-Person
This brief provides key considerations for engaging communities on COVID-19 and tips for how to engage where there are movement restrictions and physical distancing measures in place, particularly in low-resource settings. It is designed for non-governmental organizations (NGOs), UN agencies, government agencies, and other humanitarian and implementing actors working on […]}
WEDC, WaterAid • (2013) Accessibility and Safety Audit: Latrine
The purpose is to examine a sanitation facility, and a) Find out if a physically vulnerable person1 is able to use the facility independently. b) Identify which features make it easy to use, and which features make it difficult to use by a physically vulnerable person. c) Find out if there are any safety […]}
Nabembezi, D., Nabunya, H. • (0) Sanitation Marketing: A Handbook for Sanitation Managers and Private Sector Players
In order to address sanitation challenges, accelerate access and sustained use of latrines coupled with good hygiene practices such as hand washing Uganda’s Ministry of Health, together with Plan Uganda, has produced handbooks on sanitation marketing. The aim is to increase awareness and harness momentum for uptake of Sanitation Marketing […]}
Mosler, H.-J., Contzen, N. • (2016) Systematic Behavior Change in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. A Practical Guide Using the RANAS approach
The aim of this manual is to give practitioners a tool to help them when designing an effective behavior change campaign. The methodology is explained step by step, all necessary skills and other requirements are described, and possible pitfalls are noted.}
Whaley, L., Webster, J. • (2011) The Effectiveness and Sustainability of Two Demand-Driven Sanitation and Hygiene Approaches in Zimbabwe
Since 2000 a number of community-driven sanitation approaches have emerged that counter a historical trend to subsidise the provision of latrines to the poor. This study reports on a set of findings and conclusions concerning the effectiveness and sustainability of two such approaches operating in Zimbabwe, the community health club […]}
White, S., Heath, T., James, K., Lapegue, J. • (2018) Designing Evidence-Based and Context-Specific Hygiene Programs in Emergencies: Could There be an App for That?
When a humanitarian crisis occurs the disease risk associated with faecal-oral pathogens substantially increases. Encouraging crisis-affected populations to wash their hands with soap has therefore been a cornerstone of humanitarian response for decades. Recent literature reviews have highlighted that current approaches to hygiene programming are dated and insufficient to realise […]}
Mooijman, A.M. • (2003) Evaluation of Hygiene Promotion. DFID Resource Centre for Water, Sanitation and Health.
Unhygienic environments place children at risk of death. Some 1.5 million deaths of under-fives a year are caused by diarrhoea, deaths which can be avoided if diarrhoea in this age group is prevented or appropriately treated. Diarrhoea also stunts children’s physical and intellectual growth and is a huge cost factor. […]}
Global Handwashing Partnership • (0) The Handwashing Handbook
This handbook is based on the experience of the Global Handwashing Partnership and presents best practices and new concepts to improve the uptake of handwashing. This handbook updates the approaches shared in the previous Handwashing Handbook, which was published in 2005 by the World Bank with support from the partners […]}
Global Handwashing Partnership • (2017) FAQ: Using Nudges to Encourage Handwashing with Soap
Handwashing with soap is an effective way to prevent diseases and build healthy futures. For handwashing to be effective, it needs to be practiced consistently and thoroughly. Even when people have access to soap and water, and know how and why to wash their hands, many still do not properly […]}
Monse, B., Naliponguit, E., Benzian, H. Heldermann, W. • (2014) Manual for Teachers for the Implementation of the Essential Health Care Program in Schools
Education and health go hand in hand. Children need to be healthy to be fit for school. Sadly, too many children in the Philippines are afflicted by everyday ailments that impact largely on their physical and mental development and limit them from getting the most from their education. The majority […]}
Fit for School • (2015) WASHaLOT Field Guide: Prefabricated Group Washing Facility for Schools
The simple hygiene habits of handwashing with soap and toothbrushing significantly contribute to the health and well-being of children and should be part of their education. While the idea of teaching handwashing and toothbrushing in schools has been around for decades, the actual practice of these activities has been hindered […]}
Mental Health First Aid Australia • (2008) Cultural Considerations and Communication Techniques. Guidelines for Providing Mental Health First Aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Person
These guidelines describe how members of the public should provide first aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person who may be developing a mental illness or experiencing a mental health crisis. The role of the first aider is to assist the person until appropriate professional help is received […]}
White, S., Thorseth, A. H., Dreibelbis, R., Curtis, V. • (2020) The Determinants of Handwashing Behaviour in Domestic Settings: An Integrative Systematic Review
Background: Hygiene promotion interventions are likely to be more effective if they target the determinants of handwashing behaviour. Synthesis of the evidence on the determinants of handwashing behaviour is needed to enable practitioners to use evidence in hygiene promotion programming. Purpose: To identify, define and categorise the determinants of handwashing behaviour […]}
Mefalopulos P., Kamlongera, C. • (2004) Participatory Communication Strategy Design
This Handbook has been prepared as a training and field guide for designing, implementing and managing communication strategies for development purposes based on the results of field Participatory Rural Communication Appraisal (PRCA). The book is a follow up to Participatory Rural Communication Appraisal: Starting with the People. As a logical […]}
Médecins du Monde • (2012) The KAP Survey Model. Knowledge Attitude and Practices. Steps and Rules for the Preparation and Implementation of Quantitative Surveys
The aim of this paper is to present the different steps and rules for the preparation and implementation of quantitative surveys which must be rigorously implemented in order to make full use of the results (i.e. capturing representative data, applicable to the entire population).}
Gerring, J. • (2004) What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?
This paper aims to clarify the meaning, and explain the utility, of the case study method, a method often practiced but little understood. A “case study,” I argue, is best defined as an intensive study of a single unit with an aim to generalize across a larger set of units. […]}
Garbutt, A., Simister, N. • (2017) The Logical Framework
The logical framework, otherwise known as the logframe, is the most common planning tool used in social development. It is also the most hotly debated. Originally designed for use in simple timebound projects, it is now used for interventions ranging from small projects to organisational core funding. The logical framework […]}
Matras F., Sidi, F., Treinen, S. • (2013) Exchange Visits: Advice for Improving the Impact. Knowledge Management and Gender
Introduction: Participants in exchange visits organized in the early 2000s were mainly men. Involving women too has become a crucial issue – if rural agricultural output is to improve it is important that women can also take part in exchange visits. These experiences will provide them with access to knowledge […]}
FSN Network - Social and Behavioral Change Task Force • (2014) Care Groups: A Training Manual for Program Design and Implementation
This manual was developed as a training resource for designing, training, implementing and monitoring Care Group (CG) programs. It seeks to help CG approach implementers to clearly understand the structure of the CG approach, how to establish CGs, how to monitor the work of CGs and assess their impact, and […]}
White, S., Schmidt, W., Sahanggamu, D., Fatmaningrum, D., van Liere, M., Curtis, V. • (2016) Can Gossip Change Nutrition Behaviour? Results of a Mass Media and Community-Based Intervention Trial in East Java, Indonesia
Objective: It is unclear how best to go about improving child feeding practices. We studied the effect of a novel behaviour change intervention, Gerakan Rumpi Sehat (the Healthy Gossip Movement), on infant and young child feeding practices in peri-urban Indonesia. Methods: The pilot intervention was designed based on the principles […]}
Friedrich, M. • (2016) Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Handwashing Campaign in Harare, Zimbabwe. A Case Study Applying the Practical Guide Systematic Behavior Change in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Consistent hand hygiene can reduce morbidity and mortality from diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Diarrhea and pneumonia are still the leading causes of mortality among children under five years of age in low-income and middle-income countries. Recent findings suggest that interventions promoting handwashing with soap lead to a 40% reduction in […]}
Marshall, K. • (2016) Case Study: Responding to the Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: What Role Does Religion Play?
This case study is one of a series produced by the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs at Georgetown University and the World Faiths Development Dialogue (WFDD), an NGO established in the World Bank and based today at Georgetown University. The goal is to generate relevant and […]}
Marcus, R., Harper, C. • (2014) Gender Justice and Social Norms - Processes of Change for Adolescent Girls. Towards a Conceptual Framework 2
This publication presents the analytical framework for the current phase (year 2) of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) DFID-funded multi-year policy research programme, ‘Transforming the lives of adolescent girls’, which explores gender justice for adolescent girls in Ethiopia, Nepal, Uganda and Viet Nam. The current phase of this programme explores […]}
Malteser International • (0) Mapping of Stakeholders and Initiatives on Early Warning Systems in Myanmar
Combating the risks to life and livelihoods caused by climate change and increasing numbers of natural hazards has become a global challenge, of particular concern in Asia. Malteser International has been work- ing in Myanmar since 2001 with a focus on humanitarian assistance in disaster-prone areas. Since Cyclone Nargis hit in 2008, prevention […]}
WHO • (0) Guidance on Communication with Respect to Safe Drinking Water and Household Hygiene
This document contains three sources of information: a literature review, a set of interviews with key informants, and a set of case studies. The focus of this document is on situations where long-term or chronic problems of inadequate access to safe water/sanitation, coupled with poor hygiene practices, expose people to […]}
Lügo, T. • (2017) How to Use Social Media to Better Engage People Affected by Crises. A Brief Guide for Those Using Social Media in Humanitarian Organizations
What's in this guide? Online communication platforms have become a lifeline for millions of people affected by natural disasters and armed conflicts: social media and messaging apps help maintain contact with family and friends, and provide access to information, such as where to find food, shelter or medical assistance. This […]}
Lennie, J. • (2011) The Most Significant Change Technique. A Manual for M&E Staff and Others at Equal Access
Section 1: Introduction The Most Significant Change (MSC) technique is a tool for collecting, discussing and selecting stories about the significant changes that people experience as a result of your programs. It involves people at different levels of an organisation discussing the stories and then selecting the stories they consider most […]}
Leclert, L., Moser, D., Brogan, J., Mertenat, A., Harrison, J. • (2018) Blue Schools - Linking WASH in schools with environmental education and practice, Catalogue of Practical Exercises
A Blue School offers a healthy learning environment and exposes students to environmentally-friendly technologies and practices that can be replicated in their communities. It inspires students to be change agents in their communities and builds the next generation of WASH and environment sector champions. The Catalogue of Practical Exercises aims to […]}
Leclert, L., Affolter, J.S., Ndenga, J. • (2018) From Awareness Raising to Sustainable Behaviour Change in School: The WASH in School Road Map
Development organisations working in the WASH sector tend to focus on their preferred methodologies for Hygiene and Sanitation (H&S) promotion, while the sustainability of an intervention depends much more on how the methodology is implemented and whether an enabling environment is in place. In 2014, Caritas Switzerland in Kenya started […]}
Lawrence, J. J., Yeboah-Antwi, K., Biemba, G., Ram, P. K., Osbert, N., Sabin, L. L., Hamer, D. H. • (2016) Beliefs, Behaviors, and Perceptions of Community-Led Total Sanitation and Their Relation to Improved Sanitation in Rural Zambia
Inadequate hygiene and sanitation remain leading global contributors to morbidity and mortality in children and adults. One strategy for improving sanitation access is community-led total sanitation (CLTS), in which participants are guided into self-realization of the importance of sanitation through activities called “triggering.” This qualitative study explored community members' and […]}
CDAC Network • (2013) 101 Seminar Report: Social Media in Emergencies
101 Seminar Report: Social Media in Emergencies: On November 25th 2013 the CDAC Network hosted a 101 Seminar on Social Media for Emergencies. The Seminar was led by Anahi Ayala Iacucci of Internews and Gregory Barrow of WFP, and it was hosted by Plan UK. The CDAC Network 101 Seminar […]}
Farrington, M. • (2018) Women's Social Architecture Project - Phase 1 Final Report
In May and June 2018, Oxfam undertook research with Rohingya women and adolescent girls living in Cox Bazar refugee camps, focused on the barriers and enablers of using WASH facilities in the camps. The research brought two female architects to work with women and girls to adapt the design of […]}
Ethiopia’s One WASH national programme • (0) Study Session 11: Learning and Sharing in the WASH Sector
In this study session we step back again from the main OWNP documents and processes to focus on learning and sharing. We will consider the importance of creating, learning and sharing new knowledge and best practice across the WASH sector and of using it effectively to meet the aims of […]}
Duijster, D., Monse, B., Dimaisip-Nabuab, J., Djuharnoko, P., Heinrich-Weltzien, R., Hobdell, M., Kromeyer-Hauschild, K., Kunthearith, Y., Mijares-Majini, M.C., Siegmund, N., Soukhanouvong, P., Benzian, H. • (2017) ‘Fit for school’ – a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme to improve child health: Results from a longitudinal study in Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR
The Fit for School (FIT) programme integrates school health and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene interventions, which are implemented by the Ministries of Education in four Southeast Asian countries. This paper describes the findings of a Health Outcome Study, which aimed to assess the two-year effect of the FIT programme on […]}
Dreibelbis, R., Winch, P.J., Leontsini, E., Hulland, K.RS., Ram, P.K., Unicomb, L., Luby, S.P. • (2013) The Integrated Behavioural Model for WASH: A Systematic Review of Behavioural Models and a Framework for Designing and Evaluating Behaviour Change Interventions in Infrastructure-Restricted Settings
A number of WASH-specific models and frameworks exist, yet with some limitations. The IBM-WASH model aims to provide both a conceptual and practical tool for improving our understanding and evaluation of the multi-level multi-dimensional factors that influence water, sanitation, and hygiene practices in infrastructure-constrained settings. We outline future applications of […]}
Dreibelbis, R., Kroeger, A., Hossain, K., Venkatesh, M., Ram, P.K. • (2016) Behavior Change without Behavior Change Communication: Nudging Handwashing among Primary School Students in Bangladesh
Behavior change communication for improving handwashing with soap can be labor and resource intensive, yet quality results are difficult to achieve. Nudges are environmental cues engaging unconscious decision-making processes to prompt behavior change. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed an inexpensive set of nudges to encourage handwashing with soap after […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2021) SFD Lite Report Shariatpur Municipality Bangladesh
Shariatpur municipality is the heart of Shariatpur district, formed by the floodplain of the Padma, about 60 km south of the capital Dhaka. Although it was established as a district town in 1974, Shariatpur municipality was declared in 1975. Shariatpur is one of the 53 district-level Municipalities in the country. According […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2021) SFD Lite Report Natore Municipality Bangladesh
Natore municipality under Natore district is one of the influential urban areas in northern Bangladesh and connecting hub of central and southwest parts of the country. The city is 207 km away from the capital Dhaka city. Natore is considered as the gateway for connecting divisional headquarters Rajshahi to Capital […]}
Davis, R., Dart, J. • (2005) The ‘Most Significant Change’ (MSC) Technique. A Guide to Its Use
This publication is aimed at organisations, community groups, students and academics who wish to use MSC to help monitor and evaluate their social change programs and projects, or to learn more about how it can be used. The technique is applicable in many different sectors, including agriculture, education and health, […]}
Cosgrave, J., Buchanan-Smitz, M., Warner, A. • (2016) Evaluation of Humanitarian Action Guide
The Evaluation of Humanitarian Action Guide supports evaluation specialists and non-specialists in every stage of an evaluation, from initial decision to final dissemination. A pilot version of this Guide was first released in June 2013, following a three-year drafting process led by ALNAP, co-authors John Cosgrave and Margie Buchanan-Smith, and supported […]}
Coombes, Y., Devine, J. • (2010) Introducing FOAM: A Framework to Analyze Handwashing Behaviors to Design Effective Handwashing Programs
The FOAM (Focus on Opportunity, Ability, and Motivation) is a framework designed to help in the development, monitoring, and evaluation of handwashing behavior change programs. FOAM was developed for use in resource-poor settings, but it can also be adapted for other socioeconomic environments. This working paper is intended for use […]}
Contzen, N., Marks, S. J. • (2018) Increasing the Regular Use of Safe Water Kiosk Through Collective Psychological Ownership: A Mediation Analysis
Unsafe water consumption is the environmental risk factor in sub-Saharan Africa contributing most to premature death. In urban slums and dispersed rural communities, where access to safe water is especially limited, water kiosks are a relevant safe water source. However, irregular use challenges their operational viability and may cause discontinuation. […]}
WHO • (2005) Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion - General Principles
This section provides some information that may be useful in designing advocacy programmes at national level. It also introduces some of the basics of sanitation and hygiene promotion and lays out the authors’ biases in terms of new approaches to making programmes more effective. Non-specialists are particularly encouraged to read […]}
WHO • (2017) WHO Strategic Communications Framework for Effective Communications
PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND WHO recognizes that effective, integrated and coordinated communication is integral to carrying out WHO’s goal to build a better, healthier future for people all over the world. The purpose of this Framework is to describe a strategic approach for effectively communicating WHO information, advice and guidance across a […]}
WHO, UNICEF, FAO • (2012) COMBI Toolkit
This field workbook supports the implementation of the interagency (FAO, UNICEF, WHO) “Communication for Behavioural Impact (COMBI): A toolkit for behavioural and social communication in outbreak response”. It is a handheld guide and notebook for applying the WHO COMBI methodology in 7-steps, during an outbreak. It is primarily intended […]}
Compass • (2013) How to Do an Audience Analysis
An audience analysis is a process used to identify and understand the priority and influencing audiences for a SBCC strategy. The priority and influencing audiences are those people whose behavior must change in order to improve the health situation. A complete audience analysis looks at: Socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age, […]}
Communications with Communities Working Group • (2020) Stakeholder Mapping 2020
Despite great coverage in 2020 by messaging on lifesaving issues (COVID-19: 99% people, cyclone preparedness: 98% people) there are variations of level of access to information by sex, age, disability, and other vulnerabilities (JMSNA 2020). Restricted mobile and internet connection prevented people from receiving information as well as reporting problems. […]}
WHO, UNICEF, WSSCC • (2008) Celebrating World Water Day 2008. Theme: Sanitation Matters!
Sanitation Matters! The theme/slogan puts at centre-stage the various links and communicates a sense of urgency and immediacy. The theme is also “open-ended” and lends itself to creative visual and textual interpretation for expressing a multiplicity of individual/collective human emotions and contexts. The theme can also be interpreted relatively easily into […]}
Cislaghi, B., Heise, L. • (2018) Theory and Practice of Social Norms Interventions: Eight Common Pitfalls
Recently, Global Health practitioners, scholars, and donors have expressed increased interest in “changing social norms” as a strategy to promote health and well-being in low and mid-income countries (LMIC). Despite this burgeoning interest, the ability of practitioners to use social norm theory to inform health interventions varies widely. Here, we identify […]}
World Bank • (2020) Communication during Disaster Recovery
This guide provides practical guidance for governments regarding how to effectively communicate with communities during the recovery phase following an emergency. It explains how to identify communication needs and presents best fit communication methods and strategies to deploy to support disaster recovery frameworks (DRF) and recovery strategies. For the purposes […]}
CDC • (2018) CERC Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication. Introduction.
What is Crisis and Emergency Risk Communications (CERC)? The Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) manual provides an evidence-based framework and best practices for anyone who communicates on behalfof an organization responding to a public health emergency.1 CERC is built around psychological and communication sciences, […]}
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program • (2008) Sanitation Demand and Supply in Cambodia
Analysis of the sanitation supply chain and household sanitation demand shows that growth in coverage can be stimulated by making sanitation products and services more available, attractive and affordable while at the same time overcoming the prevalent high-end facility preference.}
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program • (2004) The Case for Marketing Sanitation
Access to sanitation – the hygienic disposal of human excreta – has been largely achieved through the private sector supplying individual households. Evidence from what works indicates that development of the market is the only sustainable approach to meeting the need for sanitation in the developing world. This field note […]}
WRC • (2012) In Search of Safety and Solutions
The Women’s Refugee Commission completed a research mission to the Jijiga Somali refugee camps in Ethiopia in April 2012. The research mission was the first of three such missions, which are part of a threeyear global advocacy research project aimed at enhancing the safety and resilience of adolescent girls ages […]}
WYG International • (2009) Summary Stakeholder Analysis
An analysis of the stakeholders of the proposed WSSS Improvement Investment Program has identified the individuals, groups and organizations that will be influenced by and affected by the water supply and sanitation services sub-projects.These stakeholders include: government ministries and agencies, provincial organizations, town residents at household-level, the private sector. The […]}
Castro, V., Msuya, N., Makoye, C. • (2009) Sustainable Community Management of Urban Water and Sanitation Schemes. A Training Manual
The aim of this capacity building programme is to improve the efficiency and positive impact of urban, community-managed water and sanitation schemes. The manual was originally developed in collaboration with the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority’s (DAWASA) Community Water Supply and Sanitation Program (CWSSP); but some of the […]}
CARE Australia • (2014) Gender Equality Programming - Guidance Note: WASH. Ensuring Gender Equality Programming in Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
The intent of this guidance note is to increase awareness among CARE’s WASH practitioners of gender issues, ensuring emergency WASH programs are viewed with a gender lens. The content is not original, rather an amalgamation of various guidance and best practice, distilled here to provide a more concise reference tool […]}
Cabañero-Verzosa, C. • (2005) Counting on Communication: The Uganda Nutrition and Early Childhood Development Project
The Uganda Nutrition and Early Childhood Development Project was one of the World Bank's first projects to demonstrate the value-added of strategic communication. The strategic communication component developed for this project included the use of formative research about values and attitudes with respect to child rearing, in order to develop […]}
Bugge, J. • (2017) Rumour has it: A Practice Guide to Working with Rumours
Several members of the Communicating with Disaster Affected Communities (CDAC) Network have recognised the need to work with rumours in their missions to prevent the loss of lives and alleviate suffering. Notably, Internews with their pioneering inter-agency model, the World Health Organisation and United Nations Office for the Coordination of […]}
Brewis, A., Wutich, A. • (2019) Why We Should Never Do It: Stigma as a Behavior Change Tool
Stigma is used as a tool for motivating health behaviour change, often effective at budging otherwise hard-to-shift behaviour. Shame-induced stigma most damages those already vulnerable, reinforcing health disparities. Global health use of shaming tactics can inadvertently worsen health-damaging stigma, especially for those with the least power. These effects, that drive additional health disparities […]}
Bourne, S. • (2019) User-Centred Design and Humanitarian Adaptiveness
Gathering and acting on feedback from affected communities is a key means to identify potential triggers for change during the design and implementation of humanitarian programmes. This study is focused on user-centred design (UCD), an approach often used outside the humanitarian sector to design products and services that are tailored […]}
Bonino, F., Warner, A. • (2014) What Makes Feedback Mechanisms Work?
This literature review supports a broader ALNAP and CDA initiative aiming at producing evidence-informed guidance for humanitarian agencies on ways to strengthen the effectiveness of mechanisms for gathering feedback from affected populations in humanitarian contexts. It focuses on two key questions: (1) why and how humanitarian agencies seek, process, and […]}
Bonino, F., Jean, I., Clarke, P.K. • (2014) Humanitarian Feedback Mechanisms: Research, Evidence and Guidance
In 2012 ALNAP and CDA started collaborating on action research looking at feedback mechanisms in humanitarian contexts, to establish what makes them work effectively and to focus on bringing different stakeholders’ perspectives – particularly those of crisis-affected people – into the conversation. The case studies document the experience of three […]}
Bolton, L., Kanguru, L. • (2013) Helpdesk Report: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa
Evidence and comments suggest that CLTS has been successful in some cases in Africa, however it is difficult to find strong data to support this. Claims to have achieved Open Defecation Free (ODF) status have often been exaggerated and estimates of numbers of ODF communities inflated. Verification systems need to be […]}
Bloch, P., Toft, U., Reinbach, H.C., Clausen, L.T., Mikkelsen, B.E., Poulsen, K., Jensen, B.B. • (2014) Revitalizing the Setting Approach. Supersettings for Sustainable Impact in Community Health Promotion
The concept of health promotion rests on aspirations aiming at enabling people to increase control over and improve their health. Health promotion action is facilitated in settings such as schools, homes and work places. As a contribution to the promotion of healthy lifestyles, we have further developed the setting approach […]}
Barrantes, S.A., Rodriguez, M., Pérez, R. • (2009) Information Management and Communication in Emergencies and Disasters: Manual for Disaster Response Teams
Many specialists from the fields of communication and disaster management from Latin America and the Caribbean participated in developing this manual. The contents were tested and adapted under actual emergency and disaster conditions. The final product reflects consensus among the experts about the most important uses of information and communication […]}
Bandura, A. • (1977) Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change
The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will […]}
Balfour, N., Otieno, P., Mutai, C., Thomas, A. • (2014) CLTS in Fragile and Insecure Contexts: Experience from Somalia and South Sudan
During more than 20 years of civil conflict in both Somalia and South Sudan, sanitation interventions were mostly limited to construction of emergency latrines for affected populations or education on sanitation and hygiene, using the Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) approach, followed by fully subsidised latrine programmes for selected […]}
Ambuehl B., Tomberge, V.M.J., Kunwar, B.M., Schertenleib, A., Marks, S.J., Inauen, J. • (2021) The Role of Psychological Ownership in Safe Water Management: A Mixed- Methods Study in Nepal
Long-term management and use of community-based safe water systems are essential to reduce water-related health risks in rural areas. Water sector professionals frequently cite water users’ sense of ownership for the water system as essential for its continuity. This study aims to provide the first insight into users’ understanding of […]}
Ager, A., Stark, S., Potts, A. • (2010) Participative Ranking Methodology: A Brief Guide: Version 1.1.
This document describes the participative ranking methodology, a development of the participatory rapid appraisal ranking method. Participative ranking is a mixed-methods approach to data collection, in which a group of knowledgeable participants are guided in generating responses to a specific question or set of questions. It draws on both quantitative […]}
Adebo, S. • (2000) Training Manual on Participatory Rural Appraisal
The PLA/PRA approach is used with the following assumptions: 1. Rural communities form active foundation for rural development 2. Communities need committed local leaders to stir up their development 3. Communities have knowledge and information but it needs to be organized 4. Communities have resources but they need to be mobilized. They can introduce […]}
Currion, P. • (2014) Humanitarian Needs Assessment. The Good Enough Guide
Needs assessment is essential for programme planning, monitoring and evaluation, and accountability, however needs assessment is still a critical weakness of humanitarian response. Organizations urgently need to improve how they do assessments. ACAPS and the Emergency Capacity Building Project (ECB) have produced this guide to fill the gap that existed […]}
ACAPS • (2012) Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques for Humanitarian Needs Assessment. An Introductory Brief
Collection, collation, analysis, and synthesis of qualitative and quantitative information, gathered and analysed using appropriate sources, tools, and methods is the cornerstone of rapid needs assessments that allows decision makers to plan a timely, appropriate, and coordinated emergency response.}
ACAPS • (2016) Questionnaire Design. How to Design a Questionnaire for Needs Assessments in Humanitarian Emergencies
There is no shortage of questionnaires used during emergencies that are too long, overly complex or unable to generate useful responses. The art of developing an effective questionnaire is the topic of master degrees and doctorates. The questionnaire is a critical tool in humanitarian response and requires time, resources and […]}
Abel, M. • (2017) Clean Hands, Good Toilet, Happy Family! Hygiene Promotion Guidelines and Tools. Western Pacific Sanitation Marketing and Innovation Project
It feels good to be clean. It feels good to live in a beautiful environment. It feels good not to get sick. Influencing health behaviour change seems like it should be simple. Present the logical evidence (information) for why changing a behaviour is worthwhile (washing hands kills germs) and the […]}
World Vision • (2017) Baby WASH Toolkit
BabyWASH at World Vision is an initiative which aims to improve the integration of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions with maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH), nutrition and early childhood development (ECD), to enable a more profound impact on child health outcomes in the first 1,000 days of life. […]}
The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action • (2020) Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action
The Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action (CPMS) have become one of the key resources for humanitarian workers since its launch in 2012. The CPMS have been developed to support child protection work in humanitarian settings by: Establishing common principles between those working in child protection; Strengthening coordination […]}
UNICEF • (2017) Including Children with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action
The purpose of Including Children with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action is to strengthen the inclusion of children and women with disabilities, and their families, in emergency preparedness, response and early recovery, and recovery and reconstruction. This series of booklets provides insight into the situation of children with disabilities in humanitarian […]}
OXFAM • (0) Working with Children in Humanitarian WASH Programmes
Children under five years can represent up to 20% of the population. In some cases children under 18 years may represent over 50% of the population. They are thus major stakeholders in all humanitarian programmes. This briefing describes the practical issues that need to be considered when involving children in […]}
Save the Children UK • (2019) Global Humanitarian WASH Guidance 2019-2021
Our vision is a world in which every child affected by an emergency wherever she/he is – at home or displaced; in schools; and in health institutions – has the right and access to safe water supply and adequate sanitation facilities and is enabled to perform basic hygiene. This operational guidance […]}
Plan International Australia • (2014) Gender and WASH Monitoring Tool
Plan International Australia (Plan Australia) would like to share the Gender and WASH Monitoring Tool (GWMT). Promoting gender equality demands significant attention in every WASH intervention as gender relations are integral to the effectiveness and sustainability of WASH. The literature suggests that measuring change in the context of gender relations […]}
IFRC • (2021) Protection, Gender and Inclusion in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
This guidance note provides an overview of key protection, gender and inclusion (PGI) issues and practicalities to consider when assessing, designing, implementing and monitoring both long-term and humanitarian WASH programmes. It supports the practical application of the IFRC Minimum Standards for Protection, Gender and Inclusion in Emergencies by providing guidance […]}
IASC • (2018) The Gender Handbook for Humanitarian Action
Humanitarian action provides life-saving services and facilitates recovery for communities affected by armed conflict, natural disasters and other complex emergencies. The responsibility of humanitarian actors to promote gender equality is supported by a normative framework validated by extensive field experience. This handbook sets out the rationale for integrating gender equality into […]}
WaterAid • (2016) Exploring Gender Aspects of Community Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
This manual was developed by WaterAid Timor-Leste as a means to integrate gender inequality as a significant consideration in its water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming at the community level. The Manual aims to foster and encourage change towards greater gender equality. The approach is not to conduct formal ‘training’ but […]}
Mazurana, D., Benelli, P., Gupta, H., Walker, P. • (2011) Sex and Age Matter
Humanitarian aid is largely guided by anecdotes rather than evidence. Currently, the humanitarian system shows significant weaknesses in data collection, analysis and response in all stages of a crisis or emergency. As a result, the present humanitarian system is much less evidence-driven than it should be and than it would […]}
WHO • (2021) Voice, Agency, Empowerment - Handbook on Social Participation for Universal Health Coverage
Social participation is an important means for governments to develop responsive health policies and programmes, which are more likely to be implemented by a broad stakeholder group. It is at the heart of the inclusive governance needed for countries to stake their individual paths towards Universal Health Coverage while ensuring […]}
IFRC, ICRC • (2021) A Red Cross Red Crescent Guide to Community Engagement and Accountability (CEA)
Community engagement and accountability (CEA) is an approach to Red Cross and Red Crescent programming and operations. It is supported by a set of activities that help put communities at the centre of what we do, by integrating communication and participation throughout the programme cycle or operation. CEA is the process […]}
CDAC Network • (2019) Collective Communication and Community Engagement in Humanitarian Action
It is well recognised that good communication and participation are prerequisites for successful community engagement in development and humanitarian action. We need more sustained dialogue and meaningful interaction with the people we serve so that they can take informed decisions and play an active or lead role in the aid […]}
WHO • (2020) Community Engagement
WHO has defined community engagement as “a process of developing relationships that enable stakeholders to work together to address health-related issues and promote well-being to achieve positive health impact and outcomes”. There are undeniable benefits to engaging communities in promoting health and wellbeing. At its core, community engagement enables changes […]}
UNHCR • (0) Emergency Handbook
‘Advocacy' is a set of coordinated activities (ideally contributing to a broader strategy) that seeks to ensure the protection of persons who are of concern to UNHCR by promoting changes that bring policy, practice or law into line with international standards. UNHCR and its partners undertake advocacy of various kinds, […]}
Klein, N., Baizan, P.G. • (2020) Minimum Expenditure Basket (MEB)
A Minimum Expenditure Basket (MEB) is a tool used by cash and vouchers assistance (CVA) actors to: support the calculation of the transfer amount of a multipurpose/multisectoral cash grant, contribute to better vulnerability analysis and monitoring, and improve collaboration. What makes an MEB unique and worthwhile is its binding power. […]}
Global WASH Cluster (GWC) • (2016) Cash and Markets in the WASH Sector
Market based programming is increasingly heralded as having a critical place in the future of humanitarian programming. The proposed benefits of working through existing market systems include improvements to speed, efficiency and effectiveness of programming and increased beneficiary dignity and choice. Advocates for market based approaches claim that, where feasible, […]}
Rosato-Scott, C., Barrington, D.J., Bhakta, A., House, S.J., Mactaggart, I., Wilbur, J. • (2020) How to Talk About Incontinence: A Checklist
The checklist can be used to increase the understanding of incontinence and the options available to support people living with the condition; and provide guidance on how to have conversations to understand how best to support people living with incontinence in your area.}
IFRC • (2019) Using Cash and Voucher Assistance for Menstrual Hygiene
Using Cash and Voucher Assistance (CVA) for hygiene items may give women and girls more freedom of choice to select the sanitary materials they prefer, are used to and feel most comfortable using. Using vouchers instead of distributions was also found to increase beneficiary satisfaction, be more convenient and reduce […]}
Malaria Consortium • (2018) A Guide to Implementing the Community Dialogue Approach
This guide is intended for health programme implementers who want to help communities make healthy choices. It introduces the Community Dialogue Approach, an innovative and participatory approach used to help achieve and sustain social action towards improving the health of communities. The approach could be considered both a community engagement […]}
WHO • (2013) Malaria Control in Humanitarian Emergencies
This interagency handbook was developed to set out effective malaria control responses in humanitarian emergencies, particularly during the acute phase when reliance on international humanitarian assistance is greatest. It provides policy-makers, planners, and field coordinators with practical advice on designing and implementing measures to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in […]}
ACF • (2017) Medical Waste Management for WASH Practitioners. Incinerators and Sharps Management
This document outlines why proper incinerators are needed for effective waste management in health facilities. Construction of waste management facilities is increasingly the responsibility of WASH practitioners who may be unfamiliar with best practice. This document summarises the key issues to consider and signposts the main guidance available.}
Chartier, Y., Emmanuel, J., Pieper, U., Prüss, A., Rushbrook, P., Stringer, R., Townend, W., Wilburn, S., Zghondi, R. • (2014) Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activities.
The waste produced in the course of health-care activities, from contaminated needles to radioactive isotopes, carries a greater potential for causing infection and injury than any other type of waste, and inadequate or inappropriate management is likely to have serious public health consequences and deleterious effects on the environment. This handbook […]}
GIZ • (2020) GIZ Sustainable Sanitation Programme Factsheet
Human excreta and wastewater can provide a safe fertiliser to help build a world without hunger, they can provide water for reuse in agriculture and water stressed cities and create energy for a circular economy. On the other side, they do pollute water and settlements, spread deadly pathogens and emit greenhouse […]}
Zurbrügg, C. • (2017) Biowaste Management: The Key to Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management
Appropriate management of municipal solid waste is critical for public health and environmental pro tection. With denser settlement patterns, the chal lenge and threat becomes more acute. Managing biowaste with appropriate recycling strategies can reduce waste amounts by more than 50%, and create economic opportunities. Value products from biowaste include […]}
Laude, C., Reynolds, G. • (2020) Managing Solid Waste: Sector-Specific Guidelines for the Red Cross Red Crescent
There is an increasing awareness among humanitarian actors, including those within the Red Cross Red Crescent (RCRC) Movement, of the importance of improving environmental sustainability of programming and operations. Many are recognising that the deteriorating state of the environment can often be a trigger for crises and disasters. There is […]}
Rosato-Scott, C., Barrington, D.J., Bhakta, A., House, S.J., Mactaggart, I. and Wilbur, J. • (2020) Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks
Incontinence – the involuntary loss of urine or faeces – is a global health, protection and social care challenge that has a significant impact on the quality of life of people that experience the condition, and those who care for people that do. This issue of Frontiers of Sanitation aims […]}
Columbia University, IRC • (2020) Menstrual Disposal, Waste Management and Laundering in Emergencies. A Compendium
This guidance seeks to address key gaps with respect to the specific practicalities of managing menstrual materials. Displaced women and girls using disposable products face clear challenges figuring out how to get rid of them in their constrained contexts. And those using reusable materials must be able to wash, dry […]}
IFRC • (2019) Checklist: Minimum Standards for Inclusive, MHM-Friendly Latrines
This tool includes checklists for (1) household latrines, (2) communal latrines, including public (e.g. markets) and institutional (e.g. schools) latrines to assess whether household and communal latrines meet minimum requirements for being inclusive and MHM-friendly – including being accessible for persons with disabilities.}
Berhane, E., Diarra, S., Fosuah, C., Muheka, D., Mutisya, M., Nathan, M., Norman, R., Okumu, P. • (2021) Behavior Change. Practical Implementation Guidance for Programs.
Behavior-change principles and approaches are critical to reaching the desired impact of development work. Behavior change ensures the safe, effective, and sustainable use of services provided, helping change norms that can transform communities and enable achievement of health and well-being. Globally, the top 20 causes of disease all have a […]}
Oxfam • (2007) Building Trust in Diverse Teams: The Toolkit for Emergency Response.
What is trust? Why is it important in emergency-response teams? Humanitarian practitioners identify trust as one of the most important factors in launching timely and effective emergency responses. Building Trust in Diverse Teams can be used throughout the cycle of an emergency response and features a Trust Index, to assess and […]}
GWC • (2009) Hygiene Promotion. Training for Community Mobilisers.
This manual contains training materials and handouts to enable facilitators to rapidly prepare training for different levels of hygiene promoters. It can also serve as a resource for self directed learning by both hygiene promoters and others involved in supporting or managing WASH interventions.}
GWC • (2009) Training for Hygiene Promoters and HP Coordinators. Part 3 of 3. Additional Training for HP Coordinators.
This manual contains training materials and handouts to enable facilitators to rapidly prepare training for different levels of hygiene promoters. It can also serve as a resource for self directed learning by both hygiene promoters and others involved in supporting or managing WASH interventions.}
GWC • (2009) Training for Hygiene Promoters and HP Coordinators. Part 2 of 3. Useful to Know.
This manual contains training materials and handouts to enablefacilitators to rapidly prepare training for different levels of hygienepromoters. It can also serve as a resource for self directed learning by both hygienepromoters and others involved in supporting or managing WASHinterventions.}
GWC • (2009) Training for Hygiene Promoters and HP Coordinators. Part 1 of 3. Essential to Know.
This manual contains training materials and handouts to enablefacilitators to rapidly prepare training for different levels of hygienepromoters. It can also serve as a resource for self directed learning by both hygienepromoters and others involved in supporting or managing WASHinterventions.}
UNHCR • (2020) UNHCR WASH Manual for Refugee Settings. Practical Guidance for Refugee Settings
The UNHCR WASH Manual (7th Edition, February 2020) is the result of an open and collaborative process with WASH actors who have active programmes supporting refugees. It has been written primarily for use by UNHCR staff, WASH actors, national governmental authorities, emergency response coordinating bodies, contingency planners, programme evaluators, and […]}
UNICEF • (2020) Handwashing Stations and Supplies for the COVID-19
Handwashing with soap, when done correctly, is critical in the fight against COVID-19, but 3 billion people have no ready access to a place to wash their hands with soap at home. WHO released interim guidance on 1 April 2020, recommending to all Member States to make hand hygiene facilities […]}
UN General Assembly • (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly […]}
Knight, J., Kontos, L., Da Cunha Forte, J., Muktadir, G., Gautam, O. P. • (2020) Technical Guide for Handwashing Facilities in Public Places and Building
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that all member states provide universal access to public handwashing facilities. Consequently, WaterAid and other organisations have been working with governments to install handwashing facilities in a wide range of public places and buildings, to support improved […]}
Alemu, F., Kumie, A., Medhin, G., Gasana, J. • (2018) The Role of Psychological Factors in Predicting Latrine Ownership and Consistent Latrine Use in Rural Ethiopia: a Cross-Sectional Study
Inadequate sanitation is one of the leading causes of disease in poor and middle-income countries. The objective of the study was to identify the psychological factors that predict latrine ownership and consistent latrine use in the rural Becho district of central Ethiopia.}
De Buck, E., Van Remoortel, H., Hannes, K., Govender, T., Naidoo, S., Avau, B., Vande veegaete, A., Musekiwa, A., Vittoria, L., Cargo, M., Mosler, H-J., Vandekerckhove, P., Young, T. • (2017) Approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behaviour change in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed method systematic review
This Campbell Systematic Review examines the effectiveness of different approaches for promoting handwashing and sanitation behaviour change, and factors affecting implementation, in low and middle-income countries. The review summarises evidence from 42 impact evaluations, and from 28 qualitative studies.}
M. Peter, V. Misev, V. Schelbert, C. Lüthi, A. Panesar, J.C. Schlenk, N. Stauf, S. Semiyaga • (2022) Handwashing Facilities
Handwashing Facilities - Overview and Decision Support Tool with Case Studies from Uganda The objectives of this publication are twofold. The first objective is to give an overview of common types of handwashing facilities with a number of key aspects that need to be considered during the planning stage. Focus is […]}
Oxfam • (2012) Humanitarian Field Studies. Cholera Response in Haiti. Hygiene Promotion: Determining What Works.
When a massive earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010, followed by a cholera epidemic that broke out in October of that year, Oxfam rushed assistance—clean water, sanitation, and hygiene materials and information—to hard-hit areas to protect public health. Oxfam engaged in a wide range of hygiene promotion activities to encourage washing […]}
UNICEF • (2020) Covid-19. Handwashing with Soap (HWWS) Facilities
Handwashing with soap for minimum 40 seconds is one of the precautionary measures suggested and advocated globally since the outbreak of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease). The pandemic has created a demand for behaviour change and sustained practices of Handwashing with soap. This calls for exploring existing options of handwashing stations […]}
WaterAid Australia, IWC, IRC • (2011) Promoting Good Hygiene Practices: Key Elements and Practical Lessons
The objective of this compilation is to strengthen the capacity of organisations to design and deliver effective hygiene promotion programs leading to the improved health of communities. This compilation of three keynote papers and 31 case studies searches for answers to the question: What makes hygiene promotion work? The case studies […]}
UNICEF • (2020) Global Evaluation of UNICEF’s WASH Programming in Protracted Crises 2014-19
This Global Evaluation of UNICEF’s WASH Programming in Protracted Crises (WiPC) is the first UNICEF global thematic evaluation focusing specifically on protracted crisis contexts.This evaluation provides both accountability for UNICEF’s perfor- mance as well as learning and practical solutions for adapting WASH programming and ways of working to better meet […]}
Czerniewska, A, White, S. • (2020) Hygiene programming during outbreaks: a qualitative case study of the humanitarian response during the Ebola outbreak in Liberia
Hygiene promotion is a cornerstone of humanitarian response during infectious disease outbreaks. Despite this, we know little about how humanitarian organisations design, deliver or monitor hygiene programmes, or about what works to change hygiene behaviours in outbreak settings. This study describes humanitarian perspectives on changing behaviours in crises, through a […]}
IFRC • (2020) Learning from Other National Societies. Global Menstrual Hygiene Management Experiences
This learning document is a collection of experiences from Red Cross Red Crescent National Societies in menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Experiences from both emergency contexts and long-term programming are included. The aim is to give practical “how to” recommendations, tips that National Societies have learnt, and tools developed through implementing […]}
Gruer, C., Utami, D., Schmitt, M., Sommer, M. • (2020) Guidance Note: Integrating Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) into Ebola Response
The Guidance Note: Integrating Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) into Ebola Response aims to provide streamlined guidance and practical insights to support Ministries of Health, organizations and agencies seeking to integrate menstrual hygiene management (MHM) into their Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) response. This guidance note was informed by a global desk […]}
IFRC • (2018) WASH Guidelines for Hygiene Promotion in Emergency Operations
These guidelines outline a step-by-step process for Red Cross Red Crescent staff and volunteers to plan and implement effective, context appropriate hygiene promotion, without taking shortcuts or delivering ‘hygiene messages’. The guidelines provide National Societies with a standard approach for quality assurance, and an opportunity for more effective training and […]}
IASC • (2015) The Implementation of the Humanitarian Programme Cycle
This document was prepared by the Humanitarian Programme Cycle Steering Group of the Inter- Agency Standing Committee (IASC). It is primarily for managers of organizations that prepare for and respond to humanitarian crises. It provides an overview of what needs to be done, when and by whom, to enable managers […]}
Yates, T., Allen, J., Leandre Joseph, M. and Lantagne, D. • (2017) WASH Interventions in Disease Outbreak Response
This evidence synthesis, commissioned by the Humanitarian Evidence Programme and carried out by a team from the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Tufts University, identifies, synthesizes and evaluates existing evidence of the impacts of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in disease outbreaks in 51 humanitarian contexts in 19 […]}
Mills, J.E., Cumming, O. • (2015) The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene on Key Health and Social Outcomes: Review of Evidence
This evidence paper looks at 10 areas identified collaboratively with UNICEF on which WASH can plausibly have a strong impact: diarrhoea, nutrition, complementary food hygiene, female psychosocial stress, violence, maternal and newborn health, menstrual hygiene management, school attendance, oral vaccine performance, and neglected tropical diseases. Together, these areas cover the […]}
Prüss-Ustün, A., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Colford, J. M., Jr, Cumming, O., Curtis, V., Bonjour, S., Dangour, A. D., De France, J., Fewtrell, L., Freeman, M. C., Gordon, B., Hunter, P. R., Johnston, R. B., Mathers, C., Mäusezahl, D., Medlicott, K., Neira, • (2014) Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries
Objective To estimate the burden of diarrhoeal diseases from exposure to inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene in low- and middle-income settings and provide an overview of the impact on other diseases. Methods For estimating the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene on diarrhoea, we selected exposure levels with both sufficient global exposure […]}
Ramesh, A., Blanchet, K., Ensink, J.H.J., Roberts, B. • (2015) Evidence on the Effectiveness of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Interventions on Health Outcomes in Humanitarian Crises. A Systematic Review.
Background Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are amongst the most crucial in humanitarian crises, although the impact of the different WASH interventions on health outcomes remains unclear. Aim To examine the quantity and quality of evidence on WASH interventions on health outcomes in humanitarian crises, as well as evaluate current evidence on […]}
WHO, UNICEF • (2020) Hand Hygiene for All
Three billion people – 40 per cent of the world’s population – do not have a place in their homes to wash their hands with water and soap. Threem quarters of those who lack access to water and soap live in the world’s poorest countries and are amongst the most […]}
Coerver, A., Ewers, L., Fewster, E., Galbraith, D., Gensch, R., Matta, J., Peter, M. • (2021) Compendium of Water Supply Technologies in Emergencies
The Compendium of Water Supply Technologies in Emergencies offers a comprehensive and structured manual and planning guide on available water supply technology options in humanitarian settings. It disaggregates technologies into their functional components, clarifies terminology and provides guidance for identifying the most appropriate water supply technology solutions in a given […]}
WHO, UNICEF • (2021) State of the World’s Hand Hygiene
The simple act of cleaning hands can save lives and reduce illness by helping prevent the spread of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, hand hygiene received unprecedented attention and became a central pillar in national COVID prevention strategies. However, both access to the facilities to practice hand hygiene and […]}
Spuhler, D., Kohler, L., Kapur, D., Volk, F., Staack, F., Ddieba, D., Sutter, F., van Soelen, S. • (2021) Capacity development for sustainable sanitation
This factsheet aims to provide the basics on what is capacity development. It highlights how considering the different levels, multiple topics, and stakeholders are inherent to success. It summarizes the main capacity gaps for SDG 6, and presents available instruments and resources to close this gap. The factsheet is intended to […]}
Ocean Sewage Alliance • (2021) A Practitioner’s Guide For Ocean Wastewater Pollution
Ocean wastewater pollution is serious, pervasive, and overlooked. Ignoring ocean wastewater pollution has consequences which threaten local and national economies, public health, fisheries, and coastal security, and can even amplify the impacts of climate change. Efforts to improve ocean health have most recently focused on establishing marine protected areas, improving […]}
Luthra, B., Karthykeyan, D. • (2021) How swachh (clean) is urban India today?
A rapid assessment of sanitation in Urban India using a National SFD brings out the reality of actual situation on ground and also maps the gaps in various stages of the sanitation chain. Given that the next phase of Swachh Bharat Mission is around the corner, it would be worthwhile […]}
Mikhael, G., Hyde-Smith, L., Twyman, B., Trancón, D. S., Jabagi, E., & Bamford, E. • (2021) Climate Resilient Urban Sanitation
Cities are incredibly vulnerable to climate change. Although sanitation is a critical urban system and service, it is not widely considered a climate change issue. While water has long been recognized as a central component of climate change adaptation, there is only sparse research and evidence on the impacts of […]}
Harvey, A. R. • (2011) The Pottery Rocket Stove and other publications about ceramics
There are several files in this library entry: (1) Poster presented at the 5th Biennial Partnership for Clean Indoor Air Forum, Lima, Peru, February 21 to 26, 2011 Summary: - Simple pottery techniques can be used in fabrication of an insulating material molded to the appropriate shape (bricks). - The composition of the […]}
NMCT, KKF • (2021) MHM Day Report
The Native Medicare Charitable Trust (NMCT), the Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit (BMZ), the Karl Kübel Foundation (KKF) and the Karl Kübel Stiftung (KKS) organized various programmes due to MHM day celebration. They created a theme for MHM day 2021, which was “Time to celebrate our Womenhood”. Based on the theme […]}
Repon, A. C., Faruq, O., Mamtaz, R. • (2015) Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Management
Demonstration of Pro-poor Market-based Solutions for Faecal Sludge Management in Urban Areas of Southern Bangladesh is a project implemented by SNV Netherlands Development Organisation in partnership with Khulna City Corporation, Jhenaidah and Kushtia Paurashavas. Improvement of working conditions in sludge emptying and transportation is identified as a major area of […]}
Repon, A. C., Faruq, O., Mamtaz, R. • (2015) Participation-Oriented Safety Training for the Faecal Sludge Emptiers
In Bangladesh, the most commonly used sanitation options such as pit-latrines and pour-flush latrine use pits or septic tanks for containing faecal sludge (FS) for a certain period of time which require regular emptying when the tanks or pits become full. This emptying and disposing of faecal sludge is usually […]}
Kabir, A. and Salahuddin, M. • (2014) A Baseline Study to Assess Faecal Sludge Management of Residential Premises in Selected Southern Cities of Bangladesh
The main objective of this baseline study was to understand the current situation of faecal sludge management (FSM) and practices of residential premises in three cities in southern Bangladesh: Khulna, Kushtia and Jhenaidah. A second objective was to establish a benchmark for the FSM programme. The baseline consists of two […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2021) SFD Lite Report - Pabna Municipality, Bangladesh
Pabna is a fast-growing city, which is 153 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Isamoti River and well connected with road, water, and railways. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared Municipality in 1876. Pabna is one of the 53 […]}
Gerlach, E. • (2021) Menstrual Health and Menstrual Hygiene Management
Every day, millions of women and girls have to manage their menstruation, an entirely natural physiological process, yet one that often remains considered too ‘private’ to discuss, let alone manage confidently. Menstrual stigma remains entrenched in societies the world over, but the lack of adequate hygiene facilities and safe menstrual […]}
Aguaconsult, Helvetas, IRC WASH, WaterAid, and Water For People • (2021) A district level roadmap for universal access to sustainable sanitation services (in English and Spanish)
This sanitation roadmap was developed to address a gap in available guidance, tools, and case studies specifically focused on sanitation services. In this document, you will find a description of the scope and main differences between water and sanitation services; a step-by-step process for developing a WASH district roadmap focusing […]}
Global WASH Cluster • (2016) Cash and Markets In The WASH Sector
Market based programming is increasingly heralded as having a critical place in the future of humanitarian programming. The proposed benefits of working through existing market systems include improvements to speed, efficiency and effectiveness of programming and increased beneficiary dignity and choice. Advocates for market based approaches claim that, where feasible, […]}
Eawag • (2017) Geogenic Contamination Handbook
This handbook focuses on the requirements of the implementer. It aims to provide a concise resource for approaching and handling geogenic contamination (primarily arsenic and fluoride) in groundwater used for drinking and cooking purposes. It providesinformation on water quality testing, different treatment options and practical guidelines, including draft questionnaires, on […]}
Davis, J., Lambert, R. • (2002) Engineering in ermergencies
The purpose of this book is to increase the effectiveness of relief works in providing humanitarian assistance during an emergency. To achieve this purpose, the book provides practical information relevant to the field workers, with a minimum of supporting theoretical background. The book does not aim to set out specific […]}
UNICEF, WaterAid • (2021) Menstrual Hygiene in Schools in South Asia
The Menstrual Hygiene in Schools in South Asia - Country Snapshots from UNICEF and WaterAid is divided into an 2018-2020 update including Key Observations, a country specific WASH in Schools (WinS) overview, a country specific MH Overview as well as the MH Journey in the countries Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, […]}
Branz, A. et.al • (2017) Chlorination of drinking water in emergencies: a review of knowledge to develop recommendations for implementation and research needed
Clean water provision is a critical component of emergency response, and chlorination is widely used in emergencies to treat water. To provide responders with practical, evidencebased recommendations for implementing chlorination programmes and recommend areas for future research, we conducted a literature review of chlorination in emergencies, supplemented with a literature […]}
Cavill, S., Mahon, T., Lihemo, G. • (2021) Menstrual Hygiene in South Asia
This report provides a summary of the status of menstrual hygiene (MH) in schools in South Asia. It describes the context for MH in schools and progress in the implementation of MH services since 2018. It identifies progress and gaps in achieving sustainable and inclusive MH services in schools at […]}
IASC • (2019) Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action
The guidelines set out essential actions that humanitarian actors must take in order to effectively identify and respond to the needs and rights of persons with disabilities who are most at risk of being left behind in humanitarian settings. The recommended actions in each chapter place persons with disabilities at the […]}
IFRC, Humanity & Inclusion, CBM • (2015) All Under One Roof: Disability-Inclusive Shelter and Settlements in Emergencies
Persons with disabilities often experience discrimination and exclusion, despite the adoption of an increasingly rights-based approach to humanitarian assistance. The past three decades have witnessed a growing awareness of disability issues and the emergence and spread of disabled people’s organisations. The growing awareness must be accompanied by practical measures to identify […]}
Jones, H., Reed, B. • (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled People and Other Vulnerable Groups
The one day Conference held on 9th March 2006 was entitled “Water and sanitation for disabled people and other vulnerable groups: improving access and inclusion.” The purpose of the conference was to introduce the issues and problems of accessing and using WATSAN services and facilities for disabled people and other […]}
Jones, H., Wilbur, J. • (2014) Compendium of Accessible WASH Technologies
This compendium presents low-cost technologies to improve the accessibility of household water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. It is designed for use by people working directly with communities in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, including health workers and community volunteers. Most of the ideas are designed to ensure access for disabled […]}
Juillard, H., Sloane, E. • (2016) Revised Pre-Crisis Market Analysis (PCMA)
This document provides guidance for practitioners on conducting market analysis before the onset of an anticipated crisis using an adaptation of existing post-crisis market assessment tools. Recommendations stemming from this analysis could be used to inform preparedness and DRR programming decision making as well as future emergency responses. This guidance […]}
Kapranis, Y. • (1999) Design of an Emergency Portable Roughing Filter using Polystyrene Beads as Media
Roughing filtration is a simple, efficient and chemical free water treatment method for turbidity removal; it can be used as a pre-treatment method prior to slow sand filters or disinfection with chlorine. The main disadvantage of roughing filtration for use in emergency situations is that it uses gravel as a […]}
Kazadi, J., Kleemeier, E. • (2011) Mobile Phones and Water Point Mapping
Several software applications incorporate recent advances in information and communication technology (ICT) to improve information gathering about water points. Among these applications, FLOW (Field Level Operations Watch) is not able because it was developed specifically for water point mapping. With FLOW, enumerators use android phones to enter data about each […]}
Keener, S., Luengo, M., Banerjee, S. • (2010) Provision of Water to the Poor in Africa
Standpipes that dispense water from utilities are the most common alternatives to piped water connections for poor customers in the cities of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fifty-five percent of the unconnected urban population relies on standpipes as their first water source. Other informal water providers include household resellers and a variety of […]}
Kjellén, M. and Mcgranahan, G. • (2006) Informal Water Vendors and the Urban Poor
Water vending is probably as old as human society and trade, but in recent centuries it has been overshadowed by the expansion of networked piped systems. Water vending is now often taken as a symptom of a failure in these piped systems, which still provide water to only a minority […]}
Kjellerup, B., Journey, W. K. And Minnatullah, K. M. • (1989) The Tara Handpump: The Birth of a Star
This is the story of the Tara handpump. The Tara (Bengali for "Star") is a low-lift direct action handpump developed in Bangladesh using concepts now proving to be suitable for community water supply applications in a number of other developing countries.}
Kozisek, F. • (2004) Health Risks from Drinking Demineralised Water
The composition of water varies widely with local geological conditions. Neither groundwater nor surface water has ever been chemically pure H2O, since water contains small amounts of gases, minerals and organic matter of natural origin. The total concentrations of substances dissolved in fresh water considered to be of good quality […]}
Kumpel, E., Peletz, R., Bonham, M., Fay, A., Cock-Esteb, A., and Khush, R. • (2015) When Are Mobile Phones Useful for Water Quality Data Collection?
Water quality monitoring is important for identifying public health risks and ensuring water safety. However, even when water sources are tested, many institutions struggle to access data for immediate action or long-term decision-making. We analyzed water testing structures among 26 regulated water suppliers and public health surveillance agencies across […]}
WHO • (2020) Cholera central reference kit
In 2016 WHO introduced the Cholera Kits. These kits replace the Interagency Diarrhoeal Disease Kit (IDDK) which had been used for many years. The Cholera Kit is designed to be flexible and adaptable for preparedness and outbreak response in different contexts. The overall Cholera Kit is made up of an […]}
SWA • (2021) Strengthening gender equality in access to water, sanitation and hygiene
This SWA Briefing Paper explores actions that can be taken by SWA partners that will improve gender equality in all aspects of their work. While there has been significant progress over the last few decades, gender inequality continues to be one of the most pervasive human rights violations throughout the world. […]}
CSE • (2020) SFD Lite Report - JJ Resettlement Colony, Savda Delhi India
The Savda Ghevra JJ Resettlement Colony was established in 2006. Spread across 250 acres, it was built on agricultural land owned by the neighbouring villages- Savda and Ghevra. It is located 30-40 km away from Delhi’s city centre near the Delhi- Haryana border in Tikri (Figure 2). There are no […]}
Jones, H. & Reed, B. • (2005) Water and sanitation for disabled people and other vulnerable groups
Dissemination activities in Cambodia centred around a one-day Conference in Phnom Penh, followed by a one-day practical workshop. These took place on the 9th and 10th March, 2006. The objectives of dissemination were: 1. Distribution of the resource book and CD of “Water and sanitation for disabled people and other […]}
CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2021) SFD Lite Report - Jamalpur Municipality Bangladesh
Jamalpur is a fast-growing city, which is 174 km away from the Dhaka city. It is beside the Brahmaputra River and well connected with road, rail and water. It is one of the oldest towns in the sub-continent and was declared municipality in 1869. Jamalpur is one of the 53 […]}
Biscan, B., Pérez Monforte, S., Schöbitz, L., Kilbride, A. • (2019) SFD Report - Cap-Haïtien, Haiti
Cap-Haïtien is located in Haiti, in the Caribbean region. It is Haiti’s second largest city after its capital, Portau-Prince, with an estimated population of 404,766 in 2017 (IDB, 2017). The city of Cap-Haïtien is located within the commune of Cap-Haïtien, which is divided into three communal sections (sections communales), the […]}
Madrigal, D., Pérez, S. • (2019) SFD Report - Alajuela, Costa Rica
The Canton of Alajuela is located within the province of Alajuela in the north-central part of Costa Rica, covering an area of approximately 388.43 km². The canton is geopolitically sub-divided into 14 districts, holding a population of approximately 254,567. Eighty eight percent of its population is living in urban areas. […]}
CSE • (2020) SFD Lite Report - Bandipora, India
Bandipora city is the headquarters in Bandipora District. Bandipora District is one of the 22 districts of Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory. The District lies in Northern Kashmir with Baramulla District in South and Kargil District in East. It is the 14th largest District by population in Jammu and Kashmir. Bandipora […]}
World Bank • (2012) Rural Water Supply Design Manual Volume 1
This RURAL WATER SUPPLY DESIGN MANUAL is the first of three related volumes prepared for the use of prospective and actual owners, operators, managements, technical staff, consultants, government planners and contractors of small Level III and Level II water supply systems in the Philippines. Its purpose is to introduce the […]}
Wegelin, M. • (1996) Surface Water Treatment by Roughing Filters
Slow sand filtration applied as surface water treatment is particularly effective in improving the microbiological water quality. However, efficient application of this treatment process requires raw water of low turbidity. Pretreatment of surface water containing solid matter loads is therefore necessary. Chemical flocculation in conjunction with sedimentation for solid matter […]}
Vahala, R. • (2002) Two-Step Granular Activated Carbon Filtration in Drinking Water Treatment
In the treatment of Finnish surface waters, the main objective is to reduce natural organic matter (NOM) before the water is disinfected. In many treatment plants, granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is applied for the enhanced removal of NOM after conventional treatment. The aim of this study was to assess […]}
IFRC • (2012) The road to resilience Bridging relief and development for a more sustainable future
The purpose of this document is to present to our key partners the IFRC’s definition of and perspectives on resilience. It also serves as a reference across the network of National Societies. We invite all key stakeholders to support the Red Cross Red Crescent’s operational work on resilience so that […]}
IFRC • (2008) Household water treatment and safe storage in emergencies
It is always better to use water from a clean source that’s stored in a safe way. However, this is not always possible, especially in an emergency. Something may have made the source unclean or unusable. Or a population may not have access to clean containers or practice good hygiene behaviour. […]}
GIZ, FAO • (2018) Toolbox on Solar Powered Irrigation Systems
Compared to conventional energy systems, the use of solar energy has some specific characteristics, which must be considered when planning a Solar Powered Irrigation System (see DESIGNmodule). The following steps describe in detail the available configurations and individual system components of an SPIS operating under constantly varying conditions due to […]}
Smith, B. W. • (2019) Homemade Hydraulic Ram Pump for Livestock Water
One of the more challenging aspects of developing pasture and grazing land is providing access to a reliable water supply for livestock. In some cases, existing streams, creeks, or ponds provide drinking water for the livestock. When a surface water source is not available, wells can be drilled and pumps […]}
CDC • (2012) A Conceptual Framework to Evaluate Water Safety Plans
A Water Safety Plan (WSP) is a preventive management approach used to assess and manage threats to a drinking water system— from catchment to consumer.It helps in the • Management of activities in the watershed to control contamination of source water. • Removal or inactivation of contaminants during treatment. • Prevention of recontamination […]}
UNHCR • (2021) Emergency water standard
Water is essential to life, health and dignity and access to it is a basic human right. All refugees should have assured access to adequate water of good quality, to sanitation facilities, and hygiene promotion practices. In emergencies a WASH response is critical, to reduce mortality and morbidity, and enhance […]}
UN OCHA • (2020) Humanitarian Needs Overview
This document provides an overview of what information to present and how to do so in the development of the Humanitarian Needs Overview. It should be read alongside the: The HPC Step-by-Step re-asserts the sequence of the needs analysis and planning, with needs analysis directly informing the decision-making with regards […]}
Noortgate, J., Maes, P. • (2010) Public Health Engineering in precarious situations
This handbook supports the implementation of health programmes in deprived environments, in particular in closed settings like refugees and displaced persons camps, in health structure. The purpose is to increase the effectiveness with which relief workers can provide sound water, hygiene and sanitation assistance in precarious situations.}
Mufute, N. L. • (2007) The development of a risk-of-failure evaluation tool for small dams in Mzingwane catchment
World wide attention is given to the prevention of failure of medium to large sized dams, with little attention being paid to small dams. As a result the physical condition of small dams is generally poor, making them susceptible to failure. However, small reservoirs are an important source of both […]}
Yang, Z., Zhou, Y., Feng, Z., Rui, X., Zhang, T., Zhang, Z. • (2019) A Review on Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membranes for Water Purification
Sustainable and affordable supply of clean, safe, and adequate water is one of the most challenging issues facing the world. Membrane separation technology is one of the most cost-effective and widely applied technologies for water purification. Polymeric membranes such as cellulose-based (CA) membranes and thin-film composite (TFC) membranes have dominated […]}
CWSA • (2001) The Rope Pump: Private Sector Technology Transfer From Nicaragua to Ghana
The Nicaraguan rope pump has stimulated widespread interest throughout Central America due to its low cost, efficiency, durability and low maintenance needs. The pump is based on a centuries-old design that was refined during the 1980s and 1990s. Suitable for use at either a community or family level, the pump […]}
Word Bank Group • (2014) Including Persons with Disabilities in Water Sector Operations
Globally, more than a billion people—approximately 15 percent of the world’s population, or one in seven persons—have disabilities. Of those, 80 percent live in developing countries. This number is expected to increase as the prevalence of disability is impacted by disease, war and conflict, natural disasters, and road traffic injuries, […]}
World Bank Group • (2018) Solar pumping : the basics
Solar photovoltaic water pumping (SWP) uses energy from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels to power an electric water pump. The entire process, from sunlight to stored energy, is elegant and simple. Over last seven years, the technology and price of solar pumping have evolved dramatically and hence the opportunities it presents. […]}
The World Bank • (2019) Informal water markets in an urbanising world: Some unanswered questions
Delivering safe and sustainable water supplies presents a fundamental challenge for an urbanising planet. Approximately 1.5 million people migrate to cities and their peri-urban fringes each week, and the fastest growth occurs in small to intermediate sized cities where infrastructure and governance capacity lag (Birkmann et al., 2016). Piped water […]}
WHO, IWA • (2015) A practical guide to auditing water safety plans
Water safety plans (WPS) have been implemented in every region of the world, and many implementing countries have included WSPs in drinking-water policies or regulations. Enforcement of WSP requirements, as well as general WSP success and sustainability, requires ongoing WSP auditing, i.e. independent and systematic checks of WSP completeness, implementation […]}
WHO • (2019) Results of Round II of the WHO Household Water Treatment Evaluation Scheme
Since the establishment of the International Scheme to Evaluate Household Water Treatment Technologies (the Scheme) in 2014, WHO has been independently evaluating the performance of household water treatment (HWT) technologies in removing microbial contaminants from drinking-water. The results of the evaluation are intended to guide procuring United Nations (UN) agencies […]}
WHO • (2017) Technical Brief - Boil Water
There are a number of circumstances in which it may be necessary to treat water at the point of use to remove or inactivate microbial pathogens. These include: • failure of control measures, including lack of or improper disinfection and unsafe handling and storage; • emergencies and disasters leading to inadequate […]}
WHO • (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition, incorporating the 1st addendum
The fourth edition of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) builds on over 50 years of guidance by WHO on drinking-water quality, which has formed an authoritative basis for the setting of national regulations and standards for water safety in support of public health. It is the […]}
WHO • (2016) Results of Round I of the WHO International Scheme to Evaluate Household Water Treatment Technologies
Globally, an estimated 1.9 billion people use either an unimproved water source or an improved source that is faecally-contaminated. Furthermore, 502,000 diarrhoeal deaths in low- and middle-income countries can be attributed to insufficient and unsafe drinking-water (WHO, 2014a). The vast majority of these deaths occur in Africa and South-East Asia, […]}
WHO • (2012) Water Safety Planning for Small Community Water Supplies
The principles and practice of water safety planning are increasingly being adopted around the world as the basis for the provision of safe and clean drinking-water. This process is most pronounced in urban conglomerates where the institutional infrastructure of municipal corporations, parastatal enterprises or private utilities is conducive to their […]}
WHO • (2012) WSP training package
WSPs are a risk-based preventative approach to most effectively protect drinking-water safety and are recommended in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. WSPs are now being adopted worldwide, but they are not always fully understood by all stakeholders. Face-to-face training is therefore essential to ensure globally successful WSP implementation. The training […]}
WHO • (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition
This fourth edition of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Guidelines for drinking-water quality builds on over 50 years of guidance by WHO on drinking-water quality, which has formed an authoritative basis for the setting of national regulations and standards for water safety in support of public health. It is the product […]}
WHO • (2011) Arsenic in Drinking-water
During the preparation of background documents and at expert meetings, careful consideration was given to information available in previous risk assessments carried out by the International Programme on Chemical Safety, in its Environmental Health Criteria monographs and Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the […]}
WHO • (2006) Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater - Volume 4
Volume 4 of the Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater provides information on the assessment and management of risks associated with microbial hazards. It explains requirements to promote the safe use of excreta and greywater in agriculture, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets, and how […]}
WHO • (2005) How to measure chlorine residual in water
Many of the most common diseases found in traumatized communities after a disaster or emergency are related to drinking contaminated water. The contamination can be from micro-organisms (Table 1) or natural and man made chemicals (Table 2). This fact sheet concentrates on the problems caused by drinking water contaminated by […]}
Dross, J., Zeitoun, M., Cordoba, J., de Pinho Oliveira, E., Talhami, M. • (2015) Urban Services During Protracted Armed Conflict
This report seeks to stimulate the much-needed discussion on developing a better approach to assisting people in urban areas that have been affected by protracted armed conflict. It combines current research with over three decades of ICRC experience in urban areas, deriving information through focus groups and individual interviews as […]}
ICRC • (2012) Technical Review: Borehole Drilling And Rehabilitation Under Field Conditions
Boreholes are one of the best means of obtaining clean water in field conditions. However, constructing, or repairing, boreholes requires specialized knowledge and technical expertise, much of which can be gained from the standard literature; but field operations in remote areas or in difficult conditions often require flexibility and imagination […]}
ICRC • (2011) Technical Review: Practical Guidelines for Test Pumping in Water Wells
Groundwater is frequently chosen as the most suitable source of drinking water, supplies of which are brought to the surface by rehabilitating existing boreholes or drilling new ones. Pumping tests are a practical way of obtaining an idea of the borehole’s efficiency and its optimal production yield. Much of the […]}
IASC Needs Assessment Task Force, L3 Response, Wide Level 3 Emergency Response • (2015) Multi-Sector Initial Rapid Assessment (Mira)
The Multi-Cluster/Sector Initial Rapid Assessment (MIRA) is a joint needs assessment tool that can be used in sudden onset emergencies, including IASC System-Wide Level 3 Emergency Responses (L3 Responses). The IASC Transformative Agenda recognized the critical role of needs assessment as a basis for overall and cluster strategy development; agreed […]}
Hutchings, M., Dev, A., Palaniappan, M., Srinivasan, V., Ramanathan, N., Taylor, J. • (2012) mWASH: Mobile Phone Applications for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sector
A large number of the billions of people who lack basic access to safe water and sanitation can count a mobile phone as one of their few possessions. Year after year, global and national institutions struggle to provide growing populations with basic water and sanitation needs, while mobile phones have […]}
Sharma, K., Ramesh, B. K. • (2021) SFD Lite Report - Srivilliputhur, India
Srivilliputhur is a town and promoted as a first-grade municipality in the year 1984 located in north of Rajapalayam in Virudhunagar district in the Indian state of Tamilnadu. As of 2011, the town had a population of 75,396. The town is known for its famous Lord Andal temple which is a […]}
Kumar, N. • (2020) SFD Lite Report - Sidhauli, India
Sidhauli is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Sitapur District in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It is a crowded town situated near Lucknow. The Sidhauli city is divided into 14 wards. The Gomti River flows through the town. As per Census 2011, Sidhiauli has a population of 24,976 residing […]}
WHO • (2003) Chlorine in Drinking-water
One of the primary goals of WHO and its member states is that “all people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” A major WHO function to achieve such goals is the […]}
WaterAid • (2013) Gravity-fed schemes
A gravity-fed supply from a small upland river, stream or spring, impounded within a protected catchment, is an example of a sustainable water supply technology requiring no treatment. An additional benefit is that, using the force of gravity, water can be transported by pipework to tapstands placed near to homes, […]}
WateReuse Association • (2011) Desalination Plant Intakes
Seawater intakes are an integral part of every seawater desalination plant. The purpose of this white paper is to provide an overview of potential impingement and entrainment (I&E) impacts associated with the operation of open ocean intakes for seawater desalination plants and to discuss alternative solutions for efficient and cost […]}
VSF-Belgium, TLDP-project • (2006) SubSurface Dams manual: a simple, safe and affordable technology for pastoralists
Soil and water conservation is a high priority in the drier areas of subSaharan Africa. Storage of water from the rainy season to the dry season, or even from wet years to dry years is highly important. Groundwater dams, which store water under the ground, can store sufficient quantities of […]}
Velten, S. • (2008) Adsorption capacity and biological activity of biological activated carbon filters in drinking water treatment
Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters have been used for decades to remove various kinds of organic micropollutants (MP), disinfectant by-products and taste and odor (T&O) compounds from water by adsorption. In recent years chemical oxidation by ozonation was implemented in many treatment plants before GAC filtration. During ozonation a substantial […]}
House, S. & Reed, R. • (1997) Emergency Water Sources
These guidelines have been designed to help those involved in the assessment of emergency water sources to collect relevant information in a systematic way, to use this information to select a source or sources and to determine the appropriate level of treatment required to make the water suitable for drinking. The […]}
fkes, E.H. & Visscher, J.T. • (1986) Renewable Energy Sources for Rural Water Supply
The potential of using renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, biomass energy) to power water pumping systems for rural water supply is receiving increased attention. Assessment and selection of these energy sources and pumping systems require careful analysis of a wide range of factors. This book provides guidance and […]}
Harvey, P. & Pavanello, S. • (2018) Multi-Purpose Cash and Sectoral Outcomes: A Review of Evidence and Learning
exciting opportunity to redress a long-standing shortcoming of humanitarian response. There is a need to better understand and respond to crisis-affected people in a more holistic and coherent way, going beyond sectors to bring the emphasis back to how people live and perceive and prioritize their needs. Multi-purpose cash opens […]}
Hart, W. • (2003) Protective Structures For Springs Spring Box Design, Construction and Maintenance
The main objective of spring development and protection is to provide improved water quantity and quality for human consumption. Before reaching the surface, spring water is generally considered high quality, depending on the composition of the surrounding soils and bedrock. However, groundwater can become contaminated as it exits the ground's […]}
WHO • (2020) Sanitary Inspection Package
This sanitary inspection package for a rainwater collection and storage contains: 1. Sanitary inspection form Checklist of observational questions to support the identification of risk factors and prompt corrective action. 2. Technical fact sheet Basic technical information to support the completion of the sanitary inspection form. 3. Management advice sheet Operations and maintenance information to support […]}
Leonard Cheshire, Humanity & Inclusion • (2018) Disability Data Collection
The Washington Group Questions on Disability are rapidly emerging as the preferred data collection methodology by the global community for national data collection efforts on disability. However, more and more development and humanitarian actors are now using the methodology in their own data collection efforts. This is beyond the original […]}
Nederstigt, J., Van der Wal, A. • (2011) Rope Pump
Module 1 creates awareness on the technology and applicability of the rope pump as a family water pump and provides a road-map for implementation. It is meant for NGO’s, governments and implementing organisations considering the implementation of a rope pump production and installation project. Module 2 describes the installation and maintenance […]}
GWC • (2009) WASH Cluster Coordination Handbook
The WASH Cluster Coordination Handbook aims to assist in achieving effective coordination among WASH Cluster actors and contribute to the overall Global WASH Cluster goal of improving the predictability, timeliness, and effectiveness of a comprehensive WASH response to humanitarian crises. Developed primarily to support the role of the WASH Cluster […]}
UNICEF • (2013) Cholera Toolkit
Cholera is on the rise with an estimated 1.4 billion people at risk in endemic countries and an estimated 3 million to 5 million cases and 100,000-120,000 deaths per year worldwide. In many endemic countries, children under 5 account for more than half of the global incidence and deaths. Cholera […]}
Gutiérrez J.P., van Halem, D. & Rietveld, L. • (2017) Riverbank Filtration for the Treatment of Highly Turbid Colombian Rivers
The poor quality of many Colombian surface waters forces us to seek alternative, sustainable treatment solutions with the ability to manage peak pollution events and to guarantee the uninterrupted provision of safe drinking water to the population. This review assesses the potential of using riverbank filtration (RBF) for the highly […]}
UNICEF • (2018) The Case for Investment in Accessible and Inclusive WASH
Globally, more than a billion people, including up to 10 per cent of all children, are estimated to have a disability. More than 110 million persons with disabilities may be at risk of having poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. Access to WASH provides direct benefits to […]}
UNICEF • (2017) Guidance - Including children with disabilities in humanitarian action
The purpose of Including Children with Disabilities in Humanitarian Action is to strengthen the inclusion of children and women with disabilities and their families in emergency preparedness, response and early recovery, and recovery and reconstruction. This series of booklets provides insight into the situation of children with disabilities in humanitarian […]}
GTZ • (2009) Case Study: Water Kiosks
n order to achieve the MDGs for water supply in Zambia, an additional 2.85 million residents of low-income areas need to gain access to safe and reliable water. During the national stakeholder consultation process that followed the MDG process, the Zambian government and cooperation partners emphasised that, in order to […]}
GTFCC • (2017) Ending Cholera
Ending Cholera—A Global Roadmap to 2030 operationalises the new global strategy for cholera control at the country level and provides a concrete path toward a world in which cholera is no longer a threat to public health. By implementing the strategy between now and 2030, the Global Task Force on […]}
Godfrey, S. & Reed, B. • (2013) Cleaning hand-dug wells
Flooding, earthquakes, civil unrest and other natural and man-made disasters often cause damage to hand-dug wells. This technical note sets out the actions needed to repair and rehabilitate a hand-dug well so that it can be returned to its former condition. The emergency repair and rehabilitation measures proposed are temporary […]}
Godfrey, S. & Reed, B. • (2013) Cleaning and Disinfecting Water Storage Tanks and Tankers
In an emergency situation, it is often necessary to quickly provide a basic water supply for the affected population. This may be because the normal systems of supply have been damaged or destroyed. The most common, immediate solution is to hire vehicles and tanks that have been used for other […]}
Global WASH Cluster • (2016) Guidance on Market Based Programming for Humanitarian WASH Practitioners
WASH markets are likely to be affected by a crisis. It can create disruption of both supply of and access to WASH-related goods and services. Both need to be considered and addressed by humanitarian responses to people’s needs. But if humanitarian agencies do not consider markets, interventions can accidentally harm […]}
German Federal Foreign Office • (2015) German Humanitarian WASH Strategy
Zugang zu sauberem Trinkwasser und eine hygienische Abwasserentsorgung gehören zu den Menschenrechten und den menschlichen Grundbedürfnissen, die in humanitären Notsituationen gewährleistet werden müssen. Fehlende Abwasserentsorgung und mangelnde Hygiene stellen gerade für ohnehin vulnerable Gruppen ein erhebliches gesundheitliches Risiko dar. Humanitäre Maßnahmen im Bereich Wasser-, Sanitärversorgung und Hygiene (WASH) tragen dazu […]}
Gensch, R., Hansen, R., Ihme, M. • (2014) Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the WASH Sector
Humanitarian assistance and development cooperation in the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector – although very diferent in nature – are inextricably linked. WASH relief eforts are usually not self-contained, stand-alone interventions and relief actors inevitably need to consider longer-term local development issues and transition elements to allow for a […]}
Gadgil et al. • (1997) Field-testing UV disinfection of drinking water
As of 1994, more than 1 billion people in the world still lacked access to safe drinking water (WHO/WSSCC/ UNICEF, 1996). The problem of unsafe drinking water is recognized to be not an isolated technical problem, but interrelated to the problems of adequate water supply, community education in public hygiene, […]}
Foster, T., McSorley, B • (2016) An Evaluation of the BluePump in Kenya and The Gambia
This report presents the results of an evaluation of the Fairwater BluePump, an emerging rural water supply technology in sub-Saharan Africa. Claims about the BluePump’s durability and minimal maintenance requirements have provoked significant interest within the rural water sector. This evaluation set out to assess the suitability of the BluePump […]}
Värri, L. • (2020) Yleisökuivakäymälöiden jätehuollon kehittäminen luonnon virkistyskäyttöaluei (in Finnish) - Development of public dry toilet waste management in recreational wilderness areas, Case: Metsähallitus
Dry toilets are one of the basic services provided for visitors in recreational wilderness areas. Operational environment for toilet waste management in these areas is challenging. At the same time the growing number of visitors in recreational areas is increasing the stress and loading on service infrastructure etc. toilets. The […]}
Fewster, E. • (2010) Resilient WASH Systems in Drought Prone Areas
There are uncertainties with projected impacts of climate change, but reliability of projection depends on the area. For some regions projections of future precipitation change are more robust, while outside of these areas the predictions vary between models. Predictions also become less consistent between models as scale ecreases. One […]}
Erpf, K., Gomme, J. • (2005) Mission Report on the Evaluation of Rapid Well Jetting and the Canzee Handpump
The evaluation reviewed the MEDAIR project in rural areas around Maroantsetra. Shallow boreholes were drilled using a technique of rapid well jetting. Canzee pumps were installed and users were trained in maintenance.}
Erpf, K • (2007) Installation and Maintenance Manual for the Afridev Handpump
This manual has been prepared to cover installation and maintenance aspects of the Afridev Handpump. This document results from several years of work carried out by Water & Sanitation Program (WSP) in partnership with SKAT – RWSN (former HTN), NGO’s, handpump field workers and the private sector in several countries. […]}
Eawag • (2016) SODIS Manual
The SODIS method is a water disinfection method, making use of the sun’s energy and using PET bottles. It exploits the germicidal effect of solar radiation – especially UV-A radiation - on diarrhoea causing pathogens. SODIS is recognized as one of several viable methods for household water treatment. It has been […]}
Dorea, C • (2009) Coagulant-based emergency water treatment
Emergency water treatment approaches relying on coagulation vary from centralised modular and portable ‘‘kits’’ to ‘‘pointof-use’’ or ‘‘household’’ interventions. Typical coagulation practice in emergencies is reviewed in view of field constraints (e.g. equipment and resources) and contrasted with underlying theory and conventional water treatment procedures. Examples of coagulation in emergencies […]}
DIAUD & CBM • (2016) The Inclusion Imperative: Towards Disability-Inclusive and Accessible Urban Development
Urbanization is one of the most important global trends of the 21st century. It has the potential to contribute to the “re-design” of our world supporting the creation of sustainable and inclusive cities for all. About 6.25 billion people, 15% of them with disabilities, are predicted to be living in […]}
Davis Jr., Thomas P. • (2010) Barrier Analysis Facilitator’s Guide
Barrier Analysis is a rapid assessment tool used in community health and other community development projects to identify behavioral determinants associated with a particular behavior. These behavioral determinants are identified so that more effective behavior change communication messages, strategies and supporting activities (e.g., creating support groups) can be developed. It […]}
CRS • (2017) Updated Market-Based Programming Framework
The original framework for market-based programming is quite useful as an overview of market-based programming. This revised framework aims to elaborate in more detail on the types of market-based programs implemented by humanitarian and development actors.}
Coultas, M., Iyer, R., Myers, J. • (2020) Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document
Frequent and proper handwashing with soap is vital to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In response, we have developed this Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings. Exinging existing information from different organisations into one place, the compendium provides guidance, local examples of and further resources on accessible low-cost handwashing facilities, […]}
UNHCR • (2017) Hygiene Promotion Guidelines
These guidelines provide additional support and information on designing and implementing hygiene promotion programmes or elements of hygiene promotion in the programmes of other sectors. They should be used in conjunction with the UNHCR WASH Manual and the summary guidance in the Hygiene Promotion Chapter of this manual.}
UNHCR • (2016) Cash Based Interventions for WASH Programmes in Refugee Settings
Human rights underpin all aspects of UNHCR’s international protection work and provide a basic normative framework governing UNHCR’s protection and asistance activities, including in support to access water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. UNHCR supports the full implementation by States of their obligations under international and human rights law as […]}
Collins, S • (200) Hand-Dug Shallow Wells
Access to adequate water, sanitation, drainage and solid waste disposal are four inter-related basic needs which impact significantly on socio-economic development and quality of life. The number of people around the world who still do not have access to these basic facilities, despite enormous global effort over more than two […]}
CAWST • (2009) Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage
Locally produced ceramics have been used to filter water for hundreds of years. Ceramic candles are hollow cylindrical forms fastened into the bottom of a container. Water seeps through the ceramic candle and falls into a lower container, which is fitted with a tap at the bottom. Units often use […]}
Casson, L., Bess, J. • (2006) On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation
In this manuscript the on-site generation of sodium hypochorite for water and wastewater disinfection will be examined. The objective of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the equipment and operational requirements necessary for on-site sodium hypochlorite generation systems. This manuscript will review the following topics relative to on-site […]}
CaLP • (0) Comparative Table of Humanitarian Market Analysis Tools
There is currently a general acceptance within the humanitarian sector that market analysis should form a core part of the assessment process after crises, to inform the response options analysis and programme design. This is evidenced by the appearance of market analysis in broader tools such as the […]}
CaLP • (2019) Glossary of Terminology for Cash and Voucher Assistance
Reflecting the pace of change, since 2016 CaLP has been reviewing, revising and updating the Glossary on an annual basis. This process (see flowchart below) is coordinated by the CaLP Secretariat and undertaken through the CaLP Technical Advisory Group (TAG). The TAG is a group of 25 technical experts in […]}
Burch, J., Thomas, K.E • (0) An Overview of Water Disinfection in Developing Countries and the Potential for Solar Thermal Water Pasteurization
This study originated within the Solar Buildings Program at the U.S. Department of Energy. Its goal is to assess the potential for solar thennal water disinfection in developing countries. In order to assess solar thennal potential, the alternatives must be clearly understood and compared. The objectives of the study are to: a) characterize […]}
Brown, J., Sobsey, M., Proum, S. • (2007) Improving Household Drinking Water Quality
Household-scale ceramic filtration technology is considered among the most promising options for treating drinking water at the household level in developing countries (Lantagne 2001; Sobsey 2002; Roberts 2004). Its use is Cambodia is widespread and growing, with the involvement of local and international NGOs and government efforts that have been […]}
Brand, A.P • (2004) Low-cost pump alternatives for rural communities in Honduras
With financial support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the technical assistance of WSP-LAC, the Honduras Water and Sanitation Network carried out a field survey on pumps being used in Honduras directed at identifying successful options for replication. The following report presents advantages and limitations of two […]}
SEI, UNEP • (2009) Rainwater harvesting: a lifeline for human well-being
Rainfall and soil water are fundamental parts of all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems which supplies goods and services for human well-being. Availability and quality of water determines ecosystem productivity, both for agricultural and natural systems. There is increasing demand on water resources for development whilst maintaining healthy ecosystems, which put […]}
Thomson, P., Hope, R. A., Foster, T. • (2012) Is silence golden? Of mobiles, monitoring, and rural water supplies
Reliable and cost-effective monitoring of rural water supply infrastructure has long been hampered by the geographical curse of dispersed and low-income populations, and weak institutional performance. Recent advances in monitoring technology combined with mobile network expansion into rural areas has created an opportunity to bypass these seemingly intractable challenges. Mobile-enhanced […]}
Bourke, N., Carty, G., O’Leary, G., Crowe, M., Page, D • (2002) Water Treatment Manuals
Absolutely pure water is rarely, if ever, found in nature. The impurities occur in three progressively finer states - suspended, colloidal and dissolved matter. Different methods of treatment are required for their removal or reduction to acceptable limits. Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification, as well as Filtration are interdependent stages of the solids […]}
Boges & Mahoney Inc. • (0) B1-150 OSEC® System. Manual
The OSEC® (On Site Electrolytic Chlorination) hypochlorite generationequipment described in this manual is designed for the continuous production of sodium hypochlorite from brine. The sodium hypochlorite isused in the disinfection of water supplies, being an alternative to the useof gaseous chlorination. The sodium hypochlorite produced by the OSECmethod is of […]}
Steets, J. • (2011) Donor Strategies for Addressing the Transition Gap and Linking Humanitarian and Development Assistance
Humanitarian assistance and development cooperation pursue different aims and follow different principles. Their separation – while important to protect the independence of humanitarian action – has negative side effects. This paper seeks to contribute to the international debate by clarifying concepts, analyzing these effects and exploring donor strategies for addressing […]}
Baumann, E. • (2011) Low Cost Handpumps
Groundwater supplies provide a significant proportion of rural dwellers in the developing world with access to a safe drinking water supply and will continue to do so in the near future. With the emergence of Self Supply and its increasing acceptance, low-cost handpumps have a role to play. Twenty five […]}
Sphere Association • (2018) The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response
The Sphere Project, now known as Sphere, was created in 1997 by a group of humanitarian non-governmental organisations and the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Its aim was to improve the quality of their humanitarian responses and to be accountable for their actions. The Sphere philosophy is based on […]}
Souter, P. F., Cruickshank, G. D., Tankerville, M. Z., Keswick, B. H., Ellis, B. D., Langworthy, D. E., Metz, K. A., Appleby, M. R., Hamilton, N., Jones, A. L., Perry, J. D. • (2003) Evaluation of a new water treatment for point-of-use household applications to remove microorganisms and arsenic from drinking water
Contamination of drinking water by microorganisms and arsenic represents a major human health hazard in many parts of the world. An estimated 3.4 million deaths a year are attributable to waterborne diseases. Arsenic poisoning from contaminated water sources is causing a major health emergency in some countries such as Bangladesh […]}
Bauer, R., Myint, S. • (2009) Dry Season Water Strategies in Myanmar after Cyclone Nargis
For many residents of the Ayeyarwady Delta of Myanmar, rainwater collection from village ponds and roof tops serves as the primary source of potable water throughout the year. In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis struck the Delta region, damaging many of these ponds by breaching their embankments or filling them with […]}
Bartram, J. et al. • (2009) Water Safety Plan Manual
“The most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water supply is through the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer. In these Guidelines, such approaches are called water safety plans (WSPs)”. The words above […]}
Bamford, E., Zadi, D. • (2016) Scaling Up Solar Powered Water Supply Systems
Over the past few years, UNICEF has been exploring new and innovative approaches to water supply, placing an emphasis on systems which are affordable, scalable, environmentally sustainable and climate smart. Solar powered water systems have the potential to meet all of these criteria. The systems can also help provide a […]}
Ball, P. • (2001) Drilled Wells
Access to adequate water, sanitation, drainage and solid waste disposal are four inter-related basic needs which impact significantly on socio-economic development and quality of life. The number of people around the world who still do not have access to these basic facilities, despite enormous global effort over more than two decades, provides sufficient […]}
Sobsey, M. D. • (2002) Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply
A large fraction of the World's population around 1.1 billion people - does not have access to improved sources of water. For many others, contamination of water during transport and in the household presents a significant health risk. For this segment of the world's population, use of effective technologies for […]}
Bain et al. • (2012) A Summary Catalogue of Microbial Drinking Water Tests for Low and Medium Resource Settings
Microbial drinking-water quality testing plays an essential role in measures to protect public health. However, such testing remains a significant challenge where resources are limited. With a wide variety of tests available, researchers and practitioners have expressed difficulties in selecting the most appropriate test(s) for a particular budget, application and […]}
Smout, I., Shaw, R. • (1991) Intakes from rivers
A typical small water supply system requires less than about 200,000 litres per day, which is well within the capacity of small streams and alternative water sources, other than rivers. Indeed a river is not the ideal source of domestic water in many situations and an intake would normally be […]}
ARUP et al. • (2019) Surface Water Management in Humanitarian Contexts
Appropriate and adequate surface water management is essential to humanitarian response. To date, there has been limited guidance available to practitioners summarized as follows: Little information beyond basic assessment of flood risk and implications of standing water on a site. Limited guidance on surface water quality with most of the information focusing […]}
Smet, J., Van Wijk, C. • (2002) Small Community Water Supplies
Water is essential to man, animals and plants. Without water life on earth would not exist. From the very beginning of human civilization, families have settled close to water sources, along rivers, beside lakes or near natural springs. Indeed where people live, some water is normally available for drinking, domestic […]}
Skinner, B., Shaw, R. • (1999) Protecting springs - an alternative to spring boxes
Many publications describe the protection of springs from contamination using spring boxes. The construction of such a structure takes time and money, and in many cases it may not be really necessary. A spring box can be useful as: -A sedimentation chamber where particles of sand carried in the spring water can […]}
SKAT, RWSN • (2008) Installation & Maintenance Manual for the India Mark II Handpump
The “India Mark II Handpump” was developed in India more than 30 years ago and it is designed for lifting water from deep wells up to 50 m. Strict maintenance of deep-well pumps is very important to keep them operational. Therefore the pump users must be trained and willing to […]}
Siemens Industry Inc. • (2011) Operation & Maintenance Manual
This manual covers a general description of the equipment and operating procedures for a HP1220 High Pressure Carbon Adsorption Systems. The Carbon Systems are designed to provide many years of trouble free service. To achieve this, the Carbon System equipment must be properly handled and installed to obtain the desired […]}
Shehadeh, N.H. • (2015) Solar-Powered Pumping in Lebanon
UNDP is supporting vulnerable host-communities in various areas of Lebanon including the development and construction of water networks and the improvement of livelihoods, particularly in the agricultural sector. For example, within the umbrella of the Lebanese Centre for Water Management and Conservation (LCWMC) at the Ministry of Energy and Water, […]}
CWIS TA-Hub • (2021) SANIMAS - Final Report
According to RPJMN 2020–2024 figures, in 2018 almost 75 percent of the Indonesian population has access to improved sanitation nationally. This includes almost 7.5 percent classified as safely managed sanitation services based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 definitions. These figures are impressive considering the low base of sanitation coverage with which the […]}
Skinner, B. and Shaw, R. • (1999) Improving Pond Water
Wherever possible, a community should avoid the health risks which result from using contaminated pond water, by using an alternative, good-quality source. (Groundwater or rainwater sources will usually produce water of much better quality.) If a pond is the only source of water, the implementation of some of the ideas […]}
Skinner, B. and Shaw, R. • (1999) VLOM pump
A VLOM pump is one which can be operated and sustained using Village Level Operation and Maintenance. The term VLOMM is also used, meaning Village Level Operation and Management of Maintenance. This addition emphasizes the role of users as the managers of maintenance – they may choose to use someone […]}
Elson, B., and Shaw, R. • (1999) Low-lift irrigation pumps
Small-scale irrigation is a key factor in the development of many rural communities in developing countries. A variety of water-lifting devices have been used in the past and this Technical Brief describes some of the most practical and efficient pumps in use today.}
American Water Works Association • (2007) Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
This publication provides a general introduction to the reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatment processes. The subjects addressed in this chapter should serve as the basic foundation for a broader understanding of RO and NF processes as applied to potable water, industrial process water, tertiary wastewater, and reclaimed […]}
ALNAP • (2014) Urban WASH in Emergencies
From the 24 – 28 March 2014, RedR held a pilot course for 24 WASH experts on the subject of addressing the social, institutional and technical gaps that currently exist for water, sanitation and hygiene provision in the urban emergency context. This document, produced as a partnership between ALNAP and […]}
Allspeeds Ltd • (2021) Blake Hydram
The modern Hydram uses a very old principle of physics in a simple but effective way to move water from a stream or river to places where it is most needed. Where there is suitable clean water available, it can provide supplies to remote houses or communities, allow irrigation of […]}
Allgeier, S. • (2005) Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual
The purpose of this guidance manual is to provide technical information on the use of membrane filtration and application of the technology for compliance with the Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, which would require certain systems to provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium. The requirements of this rule, […]}
Roeder, L. • (2016) SFD Report -Tirupati, India
Tirupati is situated in Chittoor district in the southern of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The town is administered by the Municipal Corporation of Tirupati (MCT) and is divided into 36 wards. The city covers an area of about 27 km2 with a total population of just under 375,000 (Census, 2011; […]}
Alley, W. M., Reilly, T.E., Franke, O.L. • (1999) Sustainability of Ground-Water Resources
Ground water is one of the Nation’s most important natural resources. It provides about 40 percent of the Nation’s public water supply. In addition, more than 40 million people, including most of the rural population, supply their own drinking water from domestic wells. As a result, ground water is an […]}
EPA • (2006) Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual for the Final Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Interest in using ultraviolet (UV) light to disinfect drinking water is growing among public water systems (PWSs) due to its ability to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms without forming regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). UV light has proven effective against some pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium, that are resistant to commonly used disinfectants like […]}
Roberts, M. • (2003) Ceramic Water Purifier Cambodia Field Tests
This report summarizes results from a year-long pilot project in Cambodia to test the Ceramic Water Purifier, a low-cost household water treatment technology that removes microbiological contamination at the point of use. The pilot project was conducted by International Development Enterprises (IDE) with financial assistance from the Health and Nutrition […]}
WHO • (2016) Protecting Surface Water for Health
Safe drinking-water is essential to sustain life – it is the basis for human health, survival, growth and development. Therefore, access to safe drinking-water is a basic human right. Recognition of this right contributes to the survival of human beings and disease prevention, because water is used not only for […]}
Reed, B., Bevan, J. • (2014) Managing hygiene promotion in WASH programmes
Managers of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes normally acknowledge that people need to behave in a hygienic manner to protect water supplies and ensure that sanitation facilities are used properly. However, promoting hygienic behaviour differs from the construction of infrastructure, with indicators of progress being less concrete. This means […]}
Reed, B. • (2013) Measuring chlorine levels in water supplies
As the quality of water can be seriously affected by a disaster or an emergency, it is best practice to disinfect all emergency water supplies. The most common way of disinfecting is with chlorine. This technical note explains why disinfection is important, why chlorine is used, how it works, how […]}
Reed, B. • (2013) Delivering safe water by tanker
Water tankering (also known as water trucking) can be a rapid means of transporting water to areas in need during the initial phase of an emergency. Tankering operations, however, are expensive and relatively time-consuming to administer. This technical note considers key issues relating to the effective and efficient use of […]}
Ramos, M., Benelli, P., Irvine, E. and Watson, J. • (2016) ‘Handwashing’ - WASH in Emergencies
The promotion and uptake of effective handwashing practices are critical in ensuring the health of populations affected by emergencies and humanitarian crises. Along with general public health benefits, handwashing can reduce the risk of diarrhoeal disease by up to 50% (Curtis and Cairncross, 2003; Fewtrell et al., 2005; Luby et […]}
Adekile, D. • (2014) Supervising Water Well Drilling
Good supervision of water well drilling is essential for the provision of long-lasting water wells. This guidance note assists geologists and engineers in charge of the supervision of borehole construction as well as project managers. It can be used to prepare for training, and as a manual. This guide details the […]}
ADCAP • (2018) Humanitarian inclusion standards for older people and people with disabilities
Globally, around 15 per cent of the population are living with some kind of disability. An estimated 13 per cent of people worldwide are over the age of 60. More than 46 per cent of those who are over the age of 60 have a disability. Humanitarian principles require […]}
USAID, AAE • (2021) West Africa Municipal Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Activity (in English and French)
DECENTRALIZATION The beginnings of decentralization in Côte d'Ivoire date back to the colonial period, when the country was a French colony with the existence of mixed communes and municipal councils (partly elected and partly appointed). Medium-sized communes were run by councils headed by “Mayor Administrators” appointed by the Central Colonial […]}
USAID, AAE • (2021) MuniWASH - Lessons learned from the participatory and inclusive approach to preselecting target municipalities in Benin and Côte d’ivoire (in English and French)
The USAID/West Africa Municipal Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Activity (MuniWASH) is a five-year project currently operating in Benin and Cote d’Ivoire, which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by Tetra Tech. MuniWASH supports municipalities to provide sustainable water and sanitation services to vulnerable […]}
RAIN Foundation • (2008) RAIN Water Quality Guidelines
This document will address RAINs guidelines towards water quality and will give practical guidelines to improve and maintain an acceptable water quality of harvested rainwater for drinking purpose. It will describe criteria for water quality of harvested rainwater, placed within the socio-economic and geographical context of RAINs target countries. The […]}
The Ceramics Manufacturing Working Group • (2011) Best Practice Recommendations for Local Manufacturing of Ceramic Pot Filters for Household Water Treatment
Ceramic filters have traditionally been used to treat household water in many countries, and are commonly available for purchase in both developed and developing countries. Currently, the most widely promoted household ceramic filters in the developing world are based on a design developed in Guatemala in 1981 by Dr. Fernando […]}
Smout, I., Shaw, R. • (1991) Small Earth Dams
This Technical Brief is concerned with the typical small dam (up to about three metres high) which is built across a stream to form a reservoir. It provides guidance on planning, design and construction, but professional help should always be sought before building any dam whose failure could endanger lives, […]}
Adank, M., van Koppen, B. & Smits, S. • (2012) Guidelines for Planning and Providing Multiple-Use Water Services
The multiple-use water services (MUS) approach is defined as an approach to water services that considers the multiple needs of (poor) water users, who take water from a number of sources, and communities’ own priorities as the starting point for investments in new infrastructure, management arrangements, the rehabilitation of existing […]}
RAIN Foundation • (2007) A practical guide to sand dam implementation
A guideline based on the Swiss Re 2007 award winning pilot project “Water harvesting to improve livelihoods in southern Ethiopia: from pilots to mainstream” and large-scale implementation of sand dams in Kenya. In the Kituï District of Kenya the SASOL (Sahelian Solutions) Foundation began constructing sand storage dams in 1995. […]}
Pickering, A., Crider, Y., Sultana, S., Swarthout, J., Frederick, G., Islam, S., Sen, S., Ayyagari, R., Luby, S. • (2019) Effect of in-line drinking water chlorination at the point of collection on child diarrhoea in urban Bangladesh: a double-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial
Previous blinded trials of household water treatment interventions in low-income settings have failed to detect a reduction in child diarrhoea. Technological advances have enabled the development of automated in-line chlorine dosers that can disinfect drinking […]}
Peter-Varbanetsa, M., Zurbruegga, C., Swartzb, C., Pronka, W. • (2008) Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology
Decentralized drinking-water systems are an important element in the process of reaching the Millennium Development Goals, as centralized systems are often deficient or non-existent in developing and transition countries (DC and TC). Most water-quality problems are due to hygiene factors and pathogens. A range of decentralized systems is available to […]}
Arturo, P., Ramón, R • (2011) Evaluation of Water Pumping Systems: Energy Efficiency Assessment Manual
As part of its Technical Cooperation "Energy Efficiency for Caribbean Water and Sanitation Companies," the Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative (SECCI) of the IDB financed the development of a regional methodology to improve energy efficiency and maintenance of water companies in Latin American and Caribbean countries. This methodology, developed […]}
Pankratz, T. • (2015) An Overview of Seawater Intake Facilities for Seawater Desalination
Seawater desalination facilities require an intake system capable of providing a reliable quantity of clean seawater with a minimum ecological impact. To meet these objectives, it is essential that a thorough assessment of site conditions be conducted. Physical characteristics, meteorological and oceanographic data, marine biology, and the potential effects of […]}
Oxfam • (2007) Household Water Treatment and Storage
Historically, interventions to provide people with safe water have focussed on improving water sources. However there is now a consensus among the WatSan community that even if the drinking water source is safe it can easily be re-contaminated during its transportation and storage in the household (Clasen and Bastable, 2003). […]}
Oxfam • (2000) Hand Dug Well Equipment
This equipment is part of several packages devised by the Oxfam Public Health Engineering Team to help provide a reliable water supply for populations affected by conflict or natural disaster. The equipment is designed to be used with any or all of the following Oxfam water equipment: Water Storage equipment, […]}
Nkwonta, O., Ochieng, G. • (2009) Roughing filter for water pre-treatment technology in developing countries: A review
Roughing filtration can be considered as a major pre-treatment process for wastewater, since they efficiently separate fine solids particles over prolonged periods without addition of chemicals. This review article summarizes and evaluates modifications to roughing filtration technology, which may address these limitations without compromising the simplicity of the treatment process. […]}
Nissen-Petersen, E. • (2000) Water from Sand Rivers
This manual is intended for technicians, builders, trainers, students and development agencies dealing with site survey, design, construction and maintenance of: -Hand-dug wells in deep sand, -River-intakes with shaft in riverbank, -Intake chambers with elevated water tank, -Subsurface dams built of soil, -Subsurface dams built of rubble stone masonry and -Sand dams built of rubble stone masonry. The […]}
NGWA • (2013) Brackish Groundwater
Brackish water does not have an exact definition, but it is typically defined as distastefully salty but less saline than seawater (between 1,000 to 10,000 ppm [parts per million] in total dissolved solids [TDS]). In addition to certain surface water settings such as estuaries, brackish water can be found in […]}
Ngai, T. K., Baker, D., Coff, B. • (2020) Recent advances in household biosand filter design
The biosand filter is an intermittent-flow adaptation of slow sand filtration technology. Developed over 20 years ago and now with 15+ years’ operating experience in households, it has established a reputation for effectiveness, durability, and sustained use. Research, field evaluations, and understanding of the nature of intermittent filter operation have […]}
USAID, AAE • (2021) MuniWASH - Role of Municipalities in the Provision of Water and Sanitation Services in Benin (in English and French)
Decentralization in Benin. In February 1990, the Conférence de Forces Vives de la Nation defined the Government of Benin’s plan to grant communes more legal and financial autonomy. The Beninese government outlined a vision that “Benin is organized into autonomous spaces, called communes, intended as public spaces of freedom, as […]}
UNICEF • (2021) Water Security for All
Today, 1.42 billion people – including 450 million children – live in areas of high or extremely high water vulnerability. Less than 3 per cent of the world’s water resources is freshwater, and it is growing increasingly scarce. Decades of misuse, poor management, over-extraction of groundwater and contamination of freshwater supplies […]}
Straaten, L., Reckerzügl, T., Verheij, A., Wiebe, C., Andersson, K., Rüd, S. • (2021) Shaping the water sector to be more climate resilient
Celebrating World Water Day 2021 on March 22nd, six experts, backed by five organizations (Stockholm Environment Institute, GIZ, Viva con Agua, WaterWorX and EXP-Consult) present a plea for greater and wider collaboration to shape the water sector to become more climate resilient. Improved management of water and sanitation services is […]}
Mudgal, A. K. • (2002) Draft Review of the Household Arsenic Removal Technology Options
Arsenic is widely distributed element in the earth’s crust and ranks twentieth in elemental presence. As a Group V element, arsenic exhibits a broad range of chemical reactivity and it is commercially used in alloys with lead. Arsenic in natural water has been reported from several countries including Bangladesh, China, […]}
Kansakar, L. K., Shrestha, A. M., Ashorn, M., Babu, S., Ahmad, T. • (2021) Evolution of the Kathmandu Valley Cholera Prevention and Preparedness Programme
Cholera outbreaks occur almost every year during the monsoon season in Nepal. The 1.3 million people living in the Kathmandu Valley are some of the most affected and vulnerable in the country. The earthquakes in 2015 caused massive population displacement and increased the potential for an outbreak as a result […]}
Parmar, T., Manchikanti, S., Arora, R. • (2021) Building Back Better
UNICEF was part of the front-line response to the 2018 floods and their devastating consequences in the Indian State of Kerala. UNICEF’s work focussed on supporting WASH services and equipment in affected communities. UNICEF, with the support of national and regional-level administrations, local non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-level organisations as well […]}
Kugedera, Z., Ambreen, S. • (2021) District-level Joint Sector Review and WASH Bottleneck Analysis Tool
In 2017, the Government of Pakistan rolled out Joint Sector Reviews (JSR) in four provinces in order to periodically assess the performance of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. UNICEF, the Government, development partners, and civil society participated in the process, using the WASH Bottleneck Analysis Tool (WASH-BAT) as […]}
Haziq, H. • (2021) Improved Operation and Maintenance and Revenue Collection from Metered Water Supply Systems
The Government of Afghanistan is investigating service delivery options to achieve access to safe and affordable drinking water (SDG Goal 6.1). One option to provide rural communities with sustainable and quality water is metered household water connections. The Afghan government began supporting such an approach in 2006 which it began […]}
Patabendi, N., Sivakumaran, R., Abdulloeva, S. • (2021) Community Involvement in Promoting Groundwater Recharge Through Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Approach
In December 2017, the European Union Catalytic Support to Peace Building (EU-CSPB) Programme supported the rollout of a peacebuilding plan led by the Government of Sri Lanka and other partners. This programme supported a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) strategy in Jaffna to encourage the resettlement of communities after years of […]}
Various Authors • (2021) COVID-19 Response and WASH Lessons Learned
UNICEF’s water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) country teams work inclusively with governments, civil society partners and donors, to improve WASH services for children and adolescents, and the families and caregivers who support them. UNICEF works in over 100 countries worldwide to improve water and sanitation services, as well as basic […]}
ITN-BUET • (2021) SFD Lite Report - Rangpur, Bangladesh
Rangpur City Corporation (RpCC) is one of the twelve City Corporations in Bangladesh and is located in the Rangpur division, northern region of the country. The geographical coordinates of Rangpur City Corporation are 25.56° North and 89.25° East. Rangpur became a City Corporation from Paurashava on 28 June 2012 with […]}
Environment and Public Health Organization • (2021) SFD Report - Dhulikhel, Nepal
Dhulikhel municipality is located in Kavrepalanchok district of Bagmati province, Nepal. The municipality is divided into 12 wards. The municipality is home to 33,981 people as per census 2011. The population growth rate was 0.65% per year from 2001 to 2011. There are two major highways, B.P highway and Arniko […]}
Bobel, C., Winkler, I. T., Fahs, B., Hasson, K. A., Kissling, E. A., Roberts, T • (2020) The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies
This open access handbook, the first of its kind, provides a comprehensive and carefully curated multidisciplinary genre-spanning view of the state of the field of Critical Menstruation Studies, opening up new directions in research and advocacy. It is animated by the central question: ‘“what new lines of inquiry are possible […]}
PSI, Simavi, THE CASE FOR HER, WASH United • (2021) Making the Case for Investing in Menstrual Health & Hygiene (in English, French and Spanish)
Many women and girls worldwide do not have the knowledge, skills, services, and products or support to ensure their well-being during menstruation. Due to the link of menstruation with health, education, water and sanitation, and socio-economic factors, these challenges are even more urgent for those who menstruate in low- and […]}
UNICEF • (2020) Guidance for monitoring menstrual health and hygiene (Version 1)
There has been significant increased attention to menstrual health and hygiene (MHH) in the WASH sector over the past decade, but it has not been accompanied by robust or consistent monitoring. While there is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend a comprehensive set of validated indicators and questions to support […]}
Furey, S. G. • (2021) SuSanA Discussion Forum Improvements and Innovation in 2020 - End of Project Report to WSSCC
From the executive summary: • This report summarises the work done under a grant from WSSCC (via UNOPS Geneva) to Skat Foundation to run and develop the SuSanA Forum. • The SuSanA Forum is a well-established, vibrant online community within the sanitation sector and a major global knowledge exchange hub on […]}
Akpeimeh, G. • (2020) SFD Lite Report - Eket, Nigeria
Eket is a coastal city in the southern region of Nigeria in the vast low-lying region where the Niger-delta drains into the Gulf of Guinea. The population is 211,255 (as of 2021) of which 80% are considered to be rural dwellers (average population density is 1,200 people per square kilometre). […]}
NFSSM Alliance & Niti Aayog • (2021) Faecal Sludge and Septage Management inUrban Areas
The Faecal Sludge and Septage Management: Service Business Models shares leading practices and innovations to improve how faecal sludge is managed, and how to expand services to the millions of people living in thousands of cities in urban India, lacking access to safely managed sanitation.}
Convergence © • (2021) Working Group on Blended Finance For Water Infrastructure Maintenance And Fecal Sludge Management
Over the course of three months, a Working Group comprised of over 50 organizations explored the use of blended finance in two important segments of water service delivery and sanitation: (1) repair and maintenance of water infrastructure in less densely populated areas; and (2) fecal sludge management. Commissioned by the […]}
WaterAid Bangladesh & CWIS-FSM Support Cell, DPHE • (2020) SFD Lite Report - Sakhipur, Bangladesh
Sakhipur, recognized as municipality, is a town of Sakhipur Upazila which is located about 39 km by road from Tangail and 77 km northwest of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh. Sakhipur became a Pourashava (municipality) in October 2000. It has an annual income of 6 million Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) […]}
Srinivasan, S., Faithful, A. • (2021) Technology Applicability Framework // Taf Assessment Washalot 3.0
130 WASHaLOTs placed in public schools, health care facilities, district offices and other public institutions in Kampala and West Nile (Uganda). In a participatory process, a technology implemented as a pilot is assessed through the perspective of three key stakeholder groups engaged with the implementation of the technology: user/buyer, producer/provider and […]}
Madrid, F., Monse, B., Schlenk, J. • (2021) WASHaLOT 3.0: User's Guide for Schools
The WASHaLOT 3.0 is a low-cost and water-saving washing facility. For pandemic preparedness and response, the WASHaLOT 3.0 can be easily adjusted so that fewer water outlets are in use to ensure physical distancing. This user guide is produced to provide receiving schools with orientation on the WASHaLOT installation, guidance on […]}
CDD Society • (2020) Insights from Faecal Sludge Management in Devanahalli
The central questions that this thematic note seeks to address include: What can municipalities learn about creating a conducive enabling environment for faecal sludge management (FSM)? How can engineers create Faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) designs that work well on the ground both technically and financially? The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) […]}
Tilley, Elizabeth et al. • (2008) Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (1st Edition)
The objective the Compendium is threefold: 1. Expose the Compendium user to a broad range of sanitation systems and innovative technologies; 2. Help the Compendium user understand and work with the system concept, i.e. the process of building a complete system, by iteratively choosing and linking appropriate technologies; 3. Describe and fairly present […]}
BA2ZSEEC, Dem, T., Choeden, J., Tshomo, D., Yangchen, K., Thinley, S., Gyaltshen, S., Dorji, C., Om, A. • (2018) Menstrual Hygiene Management
Spurred by the growing body of evidence linking poor menstrual hygiene facilities to school absenteeism, a collaborative study by the Ministry of Education, the Bhutan Nuns Foundation, the Religion and Health Project and the Ministry of Health in partnership with UNICEF was undertaken in 2017. The study undertook both qualitative […]}
Sah, N., Shrestha, S., Dhakal, S., Ahmad, T. • (2018) Menstrual Hygiene Practices in Nepalese Schools and Communities
The study ‘Analysis of Menstrual Hygiene Practices in Nepal: The Role of WASH in Schools Programme for Girls Education’, was commissioned by UNICEF Nepal in collaboration with the Health Research and Social Development Forum (HERD) in 2016 to explore the socio-cultural practices related to menstruation, its management and consequences pertaining […]}
Dave, S., Deshmukh, T., Deb, B., Manchikanti, S., Patnaik, S. • (2020) Development of a Disaster-Resilient Toilet
This Field Note describes the development process of designing a Disaster-Resilient Toilet (DRT) which was carried out in the States of Assam and Gujarat in India. Both of these States are affected annually by flooding and cyclones, and they are also both located in earthquake-prone areas. The impact of flooding […]}
Kabir, Y., Kulkarni, A., Tahiliani, B., Chandrasekar, R., Arora, R. • (2020) Menstrual Hygiene Management Programming in Maharashtra
In India, the state of Maharashtra has been pioneering innovations on MHM in both policy and practice since 2009. Government bodies, civil society organizations, social enterprises, and academia have collectively been proactive in generating robust evidence and approaches on menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for the past decade. A concerted action […]}
Ambreen S., Kugedera, Z., Mulugeta, T., Peiris, M., Lihemo, G., • (2020) Creating an Enabling Environment to achieve the WASH SDGs in Punjab Province, Pakistan
Over the last five years, the government of Punjab province has taken steps to develop an enabling environment for sustainable and at-scale WASH services. This Field Note outlines the sector policy and strategies, institutional arrangements and sector coordination mechanisms implemented. The arrangements for sector monitoring as well as budgeting, financing […]}
Shrestha, P., Shrestha, S., Dhakal, S., Ahmad, T. • (2018) Lessons from a Post ODF Assessment in Nepal
Since 2003 Nepal has been actively promoting the Community Led Total Sanitation approach and, from 2005 onwards; the School Led Total Sanitation approach, to promote Open Defecation Free (ODF) behaviours. The Government has put sanitation and hygiene at the forefront of its development agenda through the Nepal Country Plan for […]}
Kapur, D. & Kumar, P. • (2012) Formative Research on Sanitation and Hygiene Behaviours
Hygiene behaviours in WASH need to be studied from a local context. There is no shortcut to working on behaviour change, without going directly to listen to and observe the reasons for prevailing hygiene practices in the contexts in which these are practised. There is dearth of formativeresearch on hygiene […]}
Kapur, D.; Ramisetty, M. & Barot, N. • (2016) Formative Research to Develop Appropriate Participatory Approaches towards Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Rural Areas
India faces the twin challenges of having the most number of people in the world defecating in the open and also for the burgeoning crisis of untreated fecal waste that is contaminating our surface and ground water creating an imminent health crisis. The latest Swachhta Stats Report1 shows an encouraging […]}
Bharti, A., Mankotia, R. • (2020) SFD Lite Report - Lakhimpur, India
Lakhimpur Kheri is the largest district in Uttar Pradesh, India, on the border with Nepal. Its administrative capital is the city of Lakhimpur. Lakhimpur Kheri district is a part of Lucknow division, with a total area of 7,680 km2 (2,970 sq. mi) out of which 10.10 km2 is the Lakhimpur […]}
Shrestha, J., Bajracharya, B., Nhemaphuki, S. • (2020) SFD Report - Lahan, Nepal
Lahan municipality is located in Siraha district of province number 2, Nepal. The municipality is divided into 24 wards. The municipality is home to 91,766 people as per census 2011. The population growth rate was 1.16% per year from 2001 to 2011. This SFD Report was produced on 09/06/2020 and […]}
Chambers, R.; Myers, J.; Vernon, N. • (2020) Rapid Action Learning for Sanitation and Hygiene Programming
In October 2019, a group of leading organisations in the sanitation and hygiene (S&H) sector – Plan International, SNV, UNICEF, WaterAid, the World Bank and World Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) – published a call to action.1 This stressed renewing commitment and stepping up ambitions and investments to […]}
Toetzke, J. • (2020) Discussion Paper on WASH & Health
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is an essential component to “ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment” (Agenda 2030, preamble). The intrinsic link between health and WASH becomes evident in many facets: The combat against many Neglected Tropical Diseases […]}
Gerlach, E. • (2020) Sanitation for Millions - Curtain call for Caretakers: the Hausmeister concept
Universal access to adequate sanitation is one of the under-appreciated achievements of many societies – and unfortunately remains a distant dream for millions. Even in countries where there is no home without a toilet, public institutions tend to have facilities that are part of the unseen fabric of civilisation. Familiar […]}
UN-Water, World Health Organization (WHO) • (2020) Hygiene - UN-Water GLAAS Findings on National Policies, Plans, Targets and Finance
Frequent and proper hand hygiene is one of the most important measures that can be used to prevent infection with the COVID-19 virus. Actions by governments to promote hygiene, including handwashing with soap and water and providing hygiene infrastructure such as public handwashing facilities, are critical at this time. These […]}
WHO, UNICEF • (2020) Hand Hygiene for All Global Initiative
The Hand Hygiene for All Global Initiative is led by WHO and UNICEF. It aims to implement WHO’s global recommendations on hand hygiene to prevent and control the COVID-19 pandemic and work to ensure lasting infrastructure and behavior. It calls for countries to lay out comprehensive roadmaps to ensure hand […]}
ASCI • (2020) Menstrual Hygiene Management Booklet
Menstrual Hygiene Management is fundamental to the dignity and wellbeing of girls. Menstrual hygiene education, availability of water and toilets, safe sanitation facilities with access to sanitary products, are important factors enabling girls to attend school and lead a healthy life, not interrupted by menstruation. This guidance booklet is an education […]}
SCALE, PRO-WASH, USAID • (2020) Make Me A Change Agent: An SBC Resource For WASH, Agriculture, And Livelihood Activities
Make Me a Change Agent: An SBC Resource for WASH, Agriculture, and Livelihoods Activities is an adapted version of the Make Me a Change Agent: A Multisectoral SBC Resource for Community Workers and Field Staff guide (produced in 2015 under The TOPS Program) and was co-created by the USAID Office […]}
Global Wash Cluster (GWC), Sanitation and Water for All (SWA), UNICEF, ICRC • (2020) COVID-19 and WASH: Mitigating the socio-economic impacts on the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Sector
Clean drinking water, improved sanitation and good hygiene practices are life-sustaining and play an important role in maintaining public health. The benefits of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) cannot be underestimated in controlling the spread of disease, as well as underpinning human rights, well-being and development. Safe water, sanitation and […]}
SuSanA Latinoamérica • (2020) Webinar SuSanA Latinoamérica - Acciones practicas para vencer Covid19 (in Spanish)
El coronavirus COVID-19 está causando estragos en la economía y los sistemas de salud a nivel global, sin embargo existen esfuerzos de diferentes organizaciones que dan frutos en el intento de contener esta emergencia internacional que ya fue declarada como pandemia. ¿Como podemos influir en el comportamiento de las personas? ¿Qué […]}
African Water Association • (2020) The 20th African Water Association International Congress and Exhibition presentations
Please browse the AfWA ICE 2020 presentations repository. The repository is made up of the six tracks that the Congress comprised of. Under each track, there are the different days of the Congress i.e 24th, 25th , 26th Feb 2020. Under the folder of the date, you will find the […]}
Hollmann, V. • (2020) The Role of WASH in Tackling Menstrual Poverty - Experiences from a Yazidi IDP Camp in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Menstrual poverty, also called period poverty, is understood as the range of interconnected deprivation menstruators face. But which factors play a role and what can the WASH sector do to tackle menstrual poverty? Examples from a Yazidi IDP camp in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq illustrate why the time for […]}
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation • (2015) Menstrual Hygiene Management - National Guidelines
Menstruation is a natural, normal biological process experienced by all adolescent girls and women, yet it is not spoken about openly causing unnecessary embarrassment and shame. India’s 113 million adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable at the onset of menarche. At this time they need a safe environment that offers protection […]}
Sommer, M., Zulaika, G., Schmitt, M., Gruer, C. • (2019) Monitoring Menstrual Health and Hygiene: Measuring Progress for Girls on Menstruation
There is growing global momentum around addressing menstruation as an important health, education and gender equality issue. However, a critical barrier to making progress on addressing menstruation and the range of girls’ needs around this issue, is the lack of adequate validated measures related to measuring menstruation within global health […]}
Mchenga, J., Holm, R. H. • (2019) Can a precast pit latrine concrete floor withstand emptying operations? An investigation from Malawi
For fecal sludge from households in low- and middle-income countries to be treated offsite it needs to be removed, which can be greatly affected by the pit latrine floor design. However, it is unclear whether precast pit latrine concrete floors (latrine slabs) can withstand emptiers and their equipment. To investigate […]}
Lazaro, J., Kapute, F., Holm, R. H. • (2019) Food safety policies and practices in public spaces: The urban water, sanitation, and hygiene environment for fresh fish sold from individual vendors in Mzuzu, Malawi
In sub‐Saharan Africa, informal markets account for more than 80% of the total food selling. Fish is a major protein source for households in Malawi and is commonly purchased from individual vendors. The aim of this study was to review national acts and policies and local regulations focused on fresh […]}
Peal, A., Evans, B., Ahilan, S., Ban, R., Blackett, I., Hawkins, P., Schoebitz, L., Scott, R., Sleigh, A., Strande, L., Veses, O. • (2020) Estimating Safely Managed Sanitation in Urban Areas - Lessons Learned From a Global Implementation of Excreta-Flow Diagrams
This paper describes a methodology for rapid assessment of sanitation in cities including a graphical representation (a shit-flow diagram or SFD) and reports on findings from implementation in 39 cities. The SFD provides high level information for planning purposes covering the entire sanitation system in a city. More than half […]}
Coultas, M. and Iyer, R. with Myers, J. • (2020) Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document
Frequent and proper handwashing with soap is vital to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In response, we have developed this Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings. Bringing existing information from different organisations into one place, the compendium provides guidance, local examples of and further resources on accessible low-cost handwashing facilities, environmental […]}
Sphere • (2020) COVID-19 guidance based on humanitarian standards
Sphere and its partner standards can guide our response. In situations of insecurity with the danger of misinformation and stigmatisation, it is important to understand and apply the most important and basic principles and actions to help limit the spread of the virus. There are tools from the humanitarian sector […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2020) SFD Lite Report - Suryabinayak Municipality, Nepal
Suryabinayak Municipality is located in Bhaktapur District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. It consists of 10 wards with the total population of 113,471 people residing in 19,179 households. The majority (74%) of the households are dependent on piped water facility, 8% of the households rely on spring water and […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Shankharapur Municipality, Nepal
Shankharapur Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. It consists of 13 wards with the total population of 27,202 people residing in 5,607 households. The main sources of drinking water in Shankharapur Municipality are public taps, household bores and wells. Majority of the population are […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Mahalaxmi Municipality, Nepal
Mahalaxmi Municipality is one of the historic municipalities of Lalitpur district located in province no.3 of Nepal. The municipality consists of 10 wards with the total population of 112,157 people residing in 70,256 households. The main sources of drinking water in Mahalaxmi Municipality are public taps, household bores and wells. […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal
Kathmandu Metropolitan city is the eldest metropolitan city and capital of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, located in Kathmandu district of Province no.3 of Nepal. The city consists of 32 wards with the total population of 1,347,011 people residing in 298,752 households. Majority of the population of Kathmandu Metropolitan […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Gokarneshwor Municipality, Nepal
Gokarneshwor Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. The municipality consists of 9 wards with the total population of 107,351 people residing in 27,106 households. Majority of the population are dependent on public taps as the main source of drinking water. The remaining population are […]}
Yadava, H., Bandyopadhyay, S., Kumari, G. • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Rajgir, India
Rajgir is an ancient town within the district of Nalanda in the state of Bihar. According to Census (2011), Rajgir has a total population of 41,587 living in 7,030 households. 20% of the excreta is managed safely and 80% is unsafely managed. Approximately, 10% of the population is covered under […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Godawari Municipality, Nepal
Godawari Municipality is located in Lalitpur District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. The municipality consist of 14 wards with the total population of 116,045 residing in 18,232 households. The majority of the population use lined tanks with impermeable walls and open bottom followed by fully lined tanks, lined pits […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Dakshinkali Municipality, Nepal
Dakshinkali Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. The total population is 24,297 people residing in 6,925 households. Majority of the population (80%) are dependent on public taps and the remaining 20% of population are dependent on spring water. 14% of the population depend on […]}
WASTE • (2019) Circular economy in sanitation for agriculture – Faecal sludge management with co-composting for vegetables cultivation in the Nilgiris (Project report)
This report presents results of the project 'Circular economy in sanitation for agriculture – Faecal sludge management with cocomposting for vegetables cultivation in the Nilgiris', which started in 2017 and is funded under the Securing Water for Food programme and the FINISH Mondial programme.}
WASTE • (2019) WASTE Performance Evaluation - Circular Economy Model with Black and Greywater Recycling in India
This report details the monitoring and evaluation of the recent innovation by WASTE among the small-scale farmers of the horticulture district of Nilgiris in the state of Karnataka in July 2019. Fifty independent farmers were selected for interviews through a random sampling with a mix of male and female headed […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Chandragiri Municipality, Nepal
Chandragiri Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal with a total population of 85,198 residing in 20,532 households. The main sources of drinking water in Chandragiri Municipality are public taps, household bores and wells. Majority of the households are dependent on public water supply. The […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Budhanilkantha Municipality, Nepal
Budhanilkantha Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal with a total population of 153,303 people residing in 32,039 households. Most of the population are dependent on the sewer system followed by fully lined tanks, lined tanks with impermeable walls and open bottom, septic tanks, user […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal
Bhaktapur Municipality is located in Bhaktapur district of Province no.3 of Nepal. The total number of people is 81,748, living in 17,639 households. Majority of the population of Bhaktapur Municipality are dependent on public water supply and their own source such as well and tap water. Mostly, the population of […]}
Eawag & CDD Society • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Bangalore, India
Bangalore, the capital city of Karnataka is the third largest city and the fifth largest metropolitan area in India and is fast growing. It is a centre for education, IT and biotechnology, advanced health care and is home to many more Multi National Corporations (MNCs) which attract people to the […]}
von Muench, E. • (2020) Tutorial videos to explain Wikipedia editing for WASH topics and SDGs
These Youtube playlists contain several videos to explain how to edit WASH topics in Wikipedia. The videos in Playlist 1 were produced for SuSanA, funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through contract with Stockholm Evironment Institute. The videos in Playlist 2 were produced for the SDG edit-a-thon in September 2020, funded […]}
House, S., Cavill, S., Ferron, S. • (2017) Equality and non-discrimination (EQND) in sanitation programmes at scale. (Part 1 of 2)
A well-facilitated Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) programme that pro-actively considers and involves people who might be disadvantaged has been shown to have many benefits. A lack of this can and will often have negative impacts and make programmes and ODF unsustainable. This issue of Frontiers of CLTS looks at who […]}
Kohlitz, J., Carrard, N., Willetts, J. • (2019) Support mechanisms to strengthen equality and non-discrimination (EQND) in rural sanitation. (Part 2 of 2)
Achievement of adequate and equitable access to sanitation for all, and an end to open defecation, requires that special attention is given toward disadvantaged groups. It has become apparent that the benefits of conventional rural sanitation programming and service delivery are often not spread equally, and risk leaving disadvantaged groups […]}
WSSCC, FANSA • (2015) Leave No One Behind - Voices of Women, Adolescent Girls, Elderly and Disabled People, and Sanitation Workers
This publication summarizes the sanitation and hygiene hopes and aspirations of thousands of women and men of different ages and physical ability, across rural and urban areas in eight South Asian countries. In these countries, over a billion people are without safe sanitation. They represent individuals and groups rarely heard […]}
Various authors • (2019) Key documents on equity and inclusion for Discussion Forum category
In this library entry we have grouped together up to five documents that we think are important "first reading" materials for anyone wishing to obtain a quick overview of this topic. For more details, please see the external links to the discussion forum below. The documents listed in this library entry […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Tarakeshwor Municipality, Nepal
Tarakeshwor Municipality is located in Kathmandu district in Province no. 3 of Nepal. The total population of the municipality is 81,443 people residing on 20,133 households. Most people are dependent on public water supply. Households without access to public water supply rely on well and tap water. 38% of population […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Nagarjun Municipality, Nepal
Nagarjun Municipality is located in Kathmandu district in Province no. 3 of Nepal. The total population of the municipality is 67,420 people residing in 16,746 households. The major sources of drinking water in Nagarjun Municipality are public water supply, well, springs and stream water. More than half of the population […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, Nepal
Madhyapur Thimi Municipality is located in Bhaktapur district in Province no.3 of Nepal, consisting of 9 wards. The total population of the municipality is 83,036 residing in 20,302 households. Combined sewers are predominantly found in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, followed by lined tanks with impermeable walls and open bottom, lined pits […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Kageshwori Manohara Municipality, Nepal
Kageshwori Manohara Municipality is located in Kathmandu district in Province No.3 of Nepal. The total population of the municipality is 102,235 residing in 26,166 households. People rely on either municipal water supply or from other sources. The main sources of drinking water are public tap, well and household bore water. 27% […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Tokha Municipality, Nepal
Tokha Municipality is an ancient city of Kathmandu district in Province No. 3 of Nepal. The total population of Tokha Municipality is 99,032 residing in 25,561 households. Majority of people of Tokha Municipality are dependent on municipal water supply. People who do not have access to municipal water supply system […]}
CWIS TA Hub & ENPHO • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Kirtipur Municipality, Nepal
Kirtipur is one of the historical cities, which was declared as municipality among 58 municipalities under the Municipal Act in 1996 (2053 B. S., in Nepali calendar) within the Kathmandu valley. The total population of Kirtipur Municipality is 65,602 residing in 19,941 households. People of Kirtipur Municipality rely on […]}
Broch Alvarez, V., Paudel, R. • (2018) Making life better for menstruating girls and women in Nepal – month after month
This factsheet is outlining current menstrual health and hygiene developments in Nepal. It also highlights the problems many girls and women encounter in accessing sanitary products. In order to address this the production of sanitary pads by local women's cooperatives using sanitary pad machines, is supported by German Development […]}
Klinger, M., Gueye, A., Manandhar Sherpa, A., Strande, L. • (2019) Scoping Study: Faecal Sludge Treatment Plants in South-Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Worldwide over the last years, a shift has taken place in the acceptance of faecal sludge management (FSM). It is now considered by many to be a viable solution alongside sewer-based systems in achieving citywide inclusive sanitation, and faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) are starting to be constructed throughout Asia […]}
Johnston, R., Prüss-Ustün, A., Wolf, J. • (2019) Safer Water, Better Health
This report presents estimates of the WASH-attributable burden of 12 major diseases, adverse health outcomes and injuries and evidence for links between WASH and another 14 conditions that have not yet been quantified because of data limitations. Not all the health effects of inadequate WASH on the diseases assessed could […]}
Demmelbauer, V., Mihaylova, B. • (2019) Water & Sanitation Safety Plans in Rural Communities - Romania, North Macedonia, Albania
Based on the WSSP-Compendium developed by WECF, teachers and pupils in rural areas of Romania, North Macedonia and Albania were trained on WSSP and WASH. In Romania, a WSSP training programme for teachers was set up and accredited at state level. Also, a guideline for small communities on risk-based drinking […]}
Eales, K., Blackett, I. • (2019) FSM5 - Thematic Papers
Building on the success of the first four International FSM Conferences in Chennai (2017), Hanoi (2015) and in Durban (2011& 2012), the FSM5 conference brought together professionals working in the sector, including utilities, service providers, cities, governments, academics, scientists, consultants, donors and industries, to support the global initiative of disseminating […]}
Satterthwaite, D., Beard, V. A., Mitlin, D., Du, J. • (2019) Untreated and Unsafe: Solving the Urban Sanitation Crisis in the Global South
Cities must ensure universal access to safe, reliable and affordable sanitation so that all urban residents can lead productive, healthy and thriving lives. Globally, the number of urban residents who lack safely managed sanitation has increased from 1.9 billion in 2000 to 2.3 billion in 2015, costing $223 billion a […]}
House, S., Ferron, S., Cavill, S. • (2017) Scoping and Diagnosis of the Global Sanitation Fund’s Approach to Equality and Non-Discrimination (in English and French)
The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) established the Global Sanitation Fund (GSF) in 2008. Since then, it has supported sanitation at scale through collective behaviour change in 13 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2016, it initiated a learning process to identify and analyse key factors impacting on […]}
WHO, UNICEF • (2019) Implications of recent WASH and nutrition studies for WASH policy and practice
In 2018, the WASH sector was surprised by three new high-quality studies (WASH Benefits, Kenya and Bangladesh and SHINE, Zimbabwe) that showed little or no impact of selected WASH interventions on reducing childhood diarrhoea and stunting. Some practitioners, researchers and funders have reacted by questioning the value of investing in […]}
Morse, T., Chidziwisano, K., Brennan, M., Tilley, E., Malolo, R. • (2019) Improved health and behaviour through integration of food hygiene and WASH
Children in rural Malawi live in environments heavily contaminated with pathogens that cause diarrhoea. Food hygiene and animal stool management are neglected areas of hygiene in research and programming. Improving food hygiene through behaviour change can significantly reduce diarrhoeal disease and should be integrated into programmes on water, sanitation and […]}
Okello E., Kapiga, S., Grosskurth, H., Makata, K., Mcharo, O., Kinungh'i, S., Dreibelbis, R. • (2019) Factors perceived to facilitate or hinder handwashing among primary students: a qualitative assessment of the Mikono Safi intervention schools in NW Tanzania
The study used qualitative methods to assess the effects of a multi-modal school-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) intervention on handwashing behaviour among primary students in North Western (NW) Tanzania. Barriers and facilitators to handwashing were explored in the students who participated in the Mikono Safi Trial (Kiswahili for ‘Clean […]}
Joly, G., Nikiema, J. • (2019) Global Experiences on Waste Processing with Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens): From Technology to Business
The black soldier fly (BSF) can cope with a wide range of environmental conditions and the adult fly is not a vector of disease. BSF larvae can consume different organic materials, including various organic wastes generated in large volumes within urban areas. By doing so, they reduce waste volume, grow into […]}
Srinivasan, S. • (2018) Service Level Agreements for Inclusive Urban Sanitation Services
In 2013, BMGF/DFID initiated a partnership to promote private sector participation in nonnetworked sanitation and improve capabilities of sanitation service authorities to govern these partnerships. Targeted cities were expected to have a clear mandate to provide urban services for all, including for the non-networked poor; and interest to develop and […]}
Wear, S. L., Thurber, R. V. • (2015) Sewage pollution: mitigation is key for coral reef stewardship
Coral reefs are in decline worldwide, and land-derived sources of pollution, including sewage, are a major force driving that deterioration. This review presents evidence that sewage discharge occurs in waters surrounding at least 104 of 112 reef geographies. Studies often refer to sewage as a single stressor. However, we show that […]}
Wear, S. L. • (2016) Missing the boat: Critical threats to coral reefs are neglected at global scale
Coral reefs have experienced a global decline due to overfishing, pollution, and warming oceans that are becoming increasingly acidic. To help halt and reverse this decline, interventions should be aimed at those threats reef experts and managers identify as most severe. The survey included responses from 170 managers, representing organizations […]}
Wear, S. L. • (2019) Battling a Common Enemy: Joining Forces in the Fight against Sewage Pollution
The health of both coral reefs and people are imperiled by a local threat that is widespread across the globe—sewage and the typical components it carries (e.g., nutrients, sediments, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, pathogens, and pharmaceuticals). Despite this common threat, those concerned with human health and those concerned with coral […]}
Ranganathan, J., Waite, R., Searchinger, T. and Hanson, C. • (2018) How to Sustainably Feed 10 Billion People by 2050, in 21 Charts
There is a big shortfall between the amount of food we produce today and the amount needed to feed everyone in 2050. There will be nearly 10 billion people on Earth by 2050—about 3 billion more mouths to feed than there were in 2010. As incomes rise, people will increasingly […]}
Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLead, K. L., Samhouri, J. F., Katona, S. K., et al. • (2012) Ocean Health Index 2018: Methods
The OHI is considered a composite indicator because it combines many indicators into a comprehensive framework describing ocean health. This is in contrast to focusing on individual indicators, such as phosphate levels, sedimentation, biodiversity, etc. Individual indicators are important, but they provide limited information when it comes to evaluating how […]}
Toilet Board Coalition • (2019) Scaling up the sanitation economy 2020-2025
Leading businesses are engaged in efforts to reimagine sanitation systems as a net contributor of resources and data while addressing critical human rights. More importantly these leaders are driving their companies to go beyond risk and compliance to bring transformative positive change to millions of people affected by their business […]}
Mathews, R. E., Tengberg, A., Sjödin, J., Lymer, B. L. • (2019) Implementing the source-to-sea approach: A guide for practitioners
Only quite recently have we come to truly understand the many important linkages between land, freshwater and oceans. Generally, terrestrial, freshwater and marine specialists have tended to work independently from one another, with limited interaction. But with new insights into the complex relationship between different ecosystems – on land and […]}
Mathews, R. E., Stretz, J. • (2019) Source-to-Sea Framework for Marine Litter Prevention: Preventing Plastic Leakage from River Basins
This report presents a framework for preventing marine litter based on the source-to-sea conceptual framework presented in Granit et al., 2017 and the practitioners’ guidance for implementing the source-to-sea approach in Mathews et al., 2019. Addressing issues from the holistic perspective of the source-to-sea system and strengthening coordination between sectors […]}
Various Authors • (2019) SuSanA Latinoamérica Webinar 2: presentaciónes Gestión de Lodos Fecales (in Spanish)
In Spanish: Este webinar nos mostrará diferentes experiencias en la gestión de lodos fecales, evaluando la magnitud de esta problemática y las principales limitaciones que deben ser superadas para mejorar la gestión de lodos fecales en nuestra región. Esa entrada de la biblioteca contiene las presentaciónes del webinar 2: "Gestión de […]}
Urban Development Department - Government of Uttar Pradesh • (2019) Uttar Pradesh State Septage Management Policy
The goal of the Uttar Pradesh State Septage Management Policy (UPSSMP) is to improve water quality and protect public health in urban areas of the State by 2023. The objective is to enhance the ability of local implementers to build and operate septage treatment systems for urban centers and promote […]}
IFRC, WASTE, Oxfam GB, USAID • (2019) The Emergency Sanitation Project - Phase 2 - Final Narrative Report
With increased urbanization and regulatory scrutiny, the ability of humanitarian agencies to use the simple pit latrine to safely manage human waste in emergencies will decline. When a latrine is not suitable, the response options become exponentially more complicated. Different toilets must be constructed. The contents must then be removed […]}
Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, WHO, NALA Foundation, Sightsavers • (2019) Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Ethiopia - WOREDA level coordination toolkit for the WASH and NTD sectors
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) affect more than ten percent of the world’s population, primarily among the poorest populations. In Ethiopia, more than 75 million people are at risk of infection of at least one neglected tropical disease. NTDs cause suffering, blindness, disability, and delays in physical and cognitive growth which […]}
Kalbermatten, J. M., Middleton, R. N. • (1990) Sometown, Anywhere: An Example of Water Supply and Sanitation Options
Sometown is a regional center in a predominantly agricultural area. It serves as a commercial center for this area, and has a well-established light industry as well as several food and cotton processing enterprises. Water for the municipal supply is abstracted from wellfields 5 km east of the city limits. […]}
Kalbermatten, J. M., Middleton, R. N. • (1992) Challenges in Environmental Protection in Cities - New Approaches and Strategies for Urban Environmental Management
The 1990s undoubtedly is the Decade of the Environment. Not because the decade may be so designated, or because there will be another world conference on the topic. The designation applies because there exists today an awareness, even a fear that, unless we take some decisive action to protect the […]}
WaterAid • (2019) Faecal Sludge Management Landscape in South Asia - Case Studies
Some cities in the South Asian countries of Bangladesh, India and Nepal have established interventions around faecal sludge management (FSM). The purpose of this study is to identify and disseminate best practices and lessons learned on how to make FSM an integral part of urban sanitation service delivery in cities […]}
WHO, UN-Water • (2019) UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report
There is widespread recognition that sustainable and effective WASH service delivery is not only determined by the state of infrastructure, but also by complex institutional, governance and financial management systems. While a “system” may be interpreted or defined in different ways, core elements examined by the UN-Water Global Analysis and […]}
WHO • (2018) Progress of wastewater treatment - Piloting the monitoring methodology and initial findings for SDG 6.3.1
The SDG 6.3.1 indicator report on “proportion of wastewater safely treated” describes the monitoring methodology developed and tested in consultation with wastewater experts, national sector experts and statistical authorities and harmonized with the International Recommendations for Water Statistics and established regional monitoring mechanisms. The report also presents preliminary estimates for domestic […]}
Various authors • (2019) FSM5 - 5th International Faecal Sludge Management
Presentations (download from conference website, see external link below, or go to: https://fsm5.susana.org/en/downloads/conference-materials): Conference convenors: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation BORDA Eawag-Sandec Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Inclusive Sanitation in Practice (IPS) Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) University of KwaZulu-Natal University of Technology Sydney Water Research Commission (WRC) DAY 1, OPENING PLENARY 1. BAWA, K., “The Ngor Declaration on […]}
WHO • (2019) Overview of technologies for the treatment of infectious and sharp waste from health care facilites
Safe health care waste management, including segregation, collection, transport, treatment and waste disposal, is fundamental to wider efforts to provide safe and quality health care. Safe health care waste management practices also support a number of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goal 3 on health, Goal 6 on […]}
Blackett, I., Hawkins, P. • (2019) City Service Delivery Assessment for Citywide Inclusive Sanitation
What is the CSDA tool? A Faecal Waste Flow Diagram (SFD) illustrates what the sanitation situation is citywide, but not the underlying reasons for that situation. The City Service Delivery Assessment (CSDA) is a complementary tool to assess why the situation is as it is. It supports a systematic process for […]}
Henson, B. • (2019) Urban WASH programming in Protracted Conflict Contexts: Aleppo's Experience, Syria
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for urban populations is one of UNICEF’s emerging areas of focus, highlighted in its Global WASH Strategy (2016–2030). In the Middle East, UNICEF is engaged in supporting urban populations affected by protracted conflict, either in their home cities or, having fled conflict, in locations to […]}
Henson, B. • (2019) Urban WASH in Small Towns: The 'ONEWASH Plus' Programme in Ethiopia
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for urban populations is one of UNICEF’s emerging areas of focus highlighted in its Global WASH Strategy (2016–2030). In east and southern Africa, a number of WASH programmes have targeted small towns as a niche area in which UNICEF can build on its experience and […]}
Pinfold, J. • (2019) Urban WASH programming in Megacities: Supporting Low Income Communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for urban populations is one of UNICEF’s emerging areas of focus, highlighted in its Global WASH Strategy (2016–2030). ‘Megacities’ have unique challenges, and often house disproportionately high numbers of women and children who are severely neglected in terms of access to WASH and other essential […]}
CPHEEO • (2018) Advisory on public and community toilets
Sanitation has become a critical issue in the cities today. Ever growing population in the cities has made it difficult to provide quality service to all its citizens. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), the national flagship programme is dedicated to the improvement of sanitation condition in the country. Ministry is extending technical and financial […]}
Akinsete, A., Bhagwan, J., Hicks, C., Knezovich, A., Naidoo, D., Naidoo, V., Pillay,S. • (2019) The Sanitation Economy Opportunity for South Africa
The Water Research Commission and the Toilet Board Coalition have come together to identify the business opportunities in the Sanitation Economy specific to Africa. Our sanitation challenge in South Africa is a continuous one. Dealing with the inequities of the past, coupled with a dichotomy in society through apartheid spatial planning and the new […]}
Human Rights Council • (2019) Human rights to water and sanitation in spheres of life beyond the household with an emphasis on public spaces
Access to water and sanitation in spheres of life beyond the household, particularly in public spaces, is an essential element of the human rights to water and sanitation. However, service provision and monitoring are often neglected in such places. As a result, potential violations of human rights occur frequently and […]}
World Bank • (2019) Women in Water Utilities
Utilities can play an important role in reducing and eliminating barriers faced by women. This study presents a first-of-its-kind analysis that aims to heighten understanding of key barriers and bottlenecks that women face in their career in the water sector and identify interventions that water companies can put in place […]}
Chase, C., Bahuguna, A., Chen, Y., Haque, S., Schulte, M. • (2019) Water and Nutrition - A Framework for Action
This framework for action was developed to support the inclusion of nutritional considerations in the design of water operations and to help formulate nutrition-enhancing water policy. Chronic undernutrition early in life can cause cognitive and physical impairments that prevent children from achieving their full potential and have lasting consequences on […]}
Cumming, O., Arnold, B. F., Ban, R., Clasen, T., Esteves Mills, J., Freeman, M. C., Gordon, B., Guiteras, R., Howard, G., Hunter, P. R., Johnston, R. B., Pickering, A. J., Prendergast, A. J., Prüss-Ustün, A., Rosenboom, J. W., Spears, D., Sundberg, S., Wo • (2019) The implications of three major new trials for the effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on childhood diarrhea and stunting
Background: Three large new trials of unprecedented scale and cost, which included novel factorial designs, have found no effect of basic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions on childhood stunting, and only mixed effects on childhood diarrhea. Arriving at the inception of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, and the […]}
UNICEF • (2019) Water Under Fire Volume 1 - Emergencies, development and peace in fragile and conflict-affected contexts
Every child has the right to water and sanitation. And yet globally, in fragile and conflict-affected contexts, 420 million children lack basic sanitation and 210 million children lack access to safe drinking water. UNICEF launched the Water Under Fire campaign in March 2019 to draw global attention to three fundamental […]}
Andres, L. A., Thilbert, M., Cordoba, C. L., Danilenko, A. V., Joseph, G., Borja-Vega, C. • (2019) Doing More with Less - Smarter Subsidies for Water Supply and Sanitation
In this report, we explore the question of how scarce public resources can be used most effectively to achieve universal delivery of WSS services. To inform our discussion, we analyze subsidies in the sector, including their magnitude, their efficacy in achieving their policy objectives, and the implications of poor design. We then […]}
UNICEF and WHO • (2019) Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017. Special focus on inequalities.
The World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO/UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) produces internationally comparable estimates of progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and is responsible for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets related to WASH. The […]}
Various Authors • (2019) 23rd SanCoP meeting: Municipal Capacity Building to Sustain Sanitation Services
The 23rd meeting of the UK’s Sanitation Community of Practice was held on the 14th of June 2019 at the University of Sheffield. The aim of the event was to discuss the importance and potentials of capacity building as an integral part of sanitation service delivery. Students from the […]}
WSSCC • (2019) Equality and Non-Discrimination - Handbook for CLTS Facilitators
The Equality and Non-discrimination (EQND) and Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Handbook provides practical guidance for ensuring that behaviour change interventions leave no one behind. Drawing on experience from across the sector, this handbook is specifically targeted towards those implementing or supervising CLTS interventions at the community level. Key features include […]}
Action Against Hunger, WaterAid • (2019) Practical pathways to integrate nutrition and water, sanitation and hygiene
Investing in the nutrition of children is crucial if countries are to nurture the human capital necessary for social and economic development. Improvements in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services are critical for the success of such investments. Our research in Cambodia, Ethiopia and Madagascar reveals opportunities and pathways for […]}
Monse, B., Abraham, B., Schlenk, J. • (2018) Sustainable WASH in Schools (WinS)
The aims of this factsheet are to: 1. Advocate for sustainable WinS globally as anchored in the SDGs; 2. Highlight key solutions to existing challenges within WinS; 3. Explore various innovations and successful approaches using examples from low and middle income countries and outline best practice approaches and lessons learnt; 4. Identify the common […]}
Schlenk, J., Pizzacalla, K., Korb, C., Monse, B. • (2019) Digital Monitoring Approaches to Trigger Action
This publication is the follow up of the first and second volume of WASH in Schools best practices by SuSanA partners. This third volume focuses on the topic of monitoring and evaluation (M&E). The aim is to show how digital approaches for M&E can be used to trigger action for […]}
Andersson, K., Reckerzuegl, T., Michels, A., Rüd, S. • (2019) Opportunities for sustainable sanitation in climate action - Factsheet of Working Group 3
Sustainable Sanitation is highly relevant for the achievement of three international frameworks: The Paris Agreement, the Sendai Framework and the 2030 Agenda. A sustainable future is impossible without universal access to safe, well-functioning and context-appropriate sanitation services. Until this is achieved, sanitation shortfalls will increase the risks human populations face […]}
Various Authors • (2019) 9th Emergency Environmental Health Forum in Geneva, Switzerland
The 9th Emergency Environmental Health Forum took place from 18th -19th 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland. It brought together water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) experts. The forum provided an opportunity to exchange recent field experiences and explore innovative approaches amongst over 110 attendees and discuss ways for future action and interventions […]}
Sharma, R., Kumar, K. R., Venugopal, V., Yadava, H., Narayan, A. S. and Ramachandran, K. • (2019) SFD Lite Report - Coimbatore, India
Coimbatore is the second largest city in terms of area in the state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the fastest growing secondary cities in India and a major hub of textiles, industries, commerce, education, information technology, healthcare and manufacturing in Tamil Nadu. It is administered by the Coimbatore […]}
WaterAid Canada • (2019) Water, sanitation and hygiene
The Canadian water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector welcomes Canada’s new Feminist International Assistance Policy, a bold rights-based framework to guide Canada’s international development efforts that places gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls at the heart of poverty reduction. Based on the contributions of 17 organizations and […]}
Rohilla, S. K., Luthra, B., Padhi, S. K., Yadav, A. • (2017) SFD Report - Siddipet, India
Siddipet is a city in Siddipet district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Siddipet mandal administrative division. The city is spread over an area of 36.03 sq.km and is divided into 34 municipal wards and 12 revenue wards. Komati Cheruvu, Narsapur Cheruvu […]}
Arup and Oxfam • (2019) Faecal Sludge Management for Disaster Relief
On behalf of Oxfam, Arup have conducted a technical comparison study on Faecal Sludge Management at the Rohingya camps close to Cox's Bazar (CXB), Bangladesh. The aim of the study is to draw conclusions on best practice FSM for disaster relief, from evidence gathered through practical experience. The study used […]}
WASH Netzwerk • (2015) Compendium of Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
This compendium presents a range of technical options relating for collection, transport, treatment and disposal of fecal sludge in an emergency . It should be used as a guide to identify possible solutions for specific emergency situations and contexts. The final choice of options may need to combine different approaches […]}
GWC • (2019) Guidance on Market Based Programming
The purpose of this document is to provide practical guidance in preparedness, assessment, program design, implementation and monitoring related to Market-Based Programming (MBP) in humanitarian WASH assistance, and more specifically on: • How to identify linkages between markets and WASH services & goods; • How market based programming can complement and improve […]}
Rohilla, S. K., Luthra, B., Yadav, A., Gupta, B. • (2017) SFD Report - Kannur, India
Kannur, also known by its English name Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district, state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kannur district and situated 518 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches, Theyyam (its native performing art), and […]}
Rohilla, S. K., Luthra, B., Yadav, A., Gupta, B. • (2017) SFD Report - Kalpetta, India
Kalpetta is a town and a municipality in the Wayanad district, of Kerala, India. It is the headquarters of Wayanad district as well as the headquarters of Vythiritaluk. It is a bustling town surrounded by dense coffee, tea plantations and hills (KM, 2015). Apart from being the administrative capital of the […]}
Rohilla, S. K., Luthra, B., Bhatnagar, A., Gupta, B. • (2017) SFD Report - Bijnor, India
Bijnor city is located 12 km west to the bank of River Ganga and 460 km from Lucknow, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh. Bijnor is the district headquarters of Bijnor district. As per Census 2011, Bijnor has a population of 93,297 residing in 17,715 households. The urban local body […]}
Rohilla, S. K., Luthra, B., Padhi, S. K., Yadav, A., Varadharajan, A. • (2017) SFD Report - Bansberia, India
Bansberia is a town in the Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. Bansberia Municipality was the nerve centre of “Saptagram”, a port city, famous for its inland and foreign trades with Europe since 17th Century. It is rich in its heritage and tradition and has a number of historical sites […]}
SNV • (2019) Emotional demonstrations (emo-demos) of handwashing with soap at vaccination centres
Emotional demonstrations (emo-demos) are used in behaviour-centred design to trigger behaviour changes, such as handwashing with soap, by creating disgust and shame. Through the Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene For All (SSH4A) programme, vaccination centres in villages were found to be an ideal place to raise awareness of the importance of washing […]}
SNV • (2019) Jirani sanitation groups
The sustainability of open defecation free (ODF) status in rural areas where toilets frequently collapse is a global concern. In Tanzania, SNV has developed an innovative approach called Jirani sanitation groups (JSGs). 'Jirani' means neighbour and the approach is based on community support; if a toilet collapses another can be built […]}
SMCR • (2019) SMCR Conference
It seems people these days can’t stop talking about periods. From derision by presidential candidates, to taboo-breaking Instagrammers and marathoners, menstruation is no longer in the closet. The Society for Menstrual Cycle Research (SMCR) has been building the evidence base and articulating menstruation’s role in health and well-being for over […]}
ISF-UTS and SNV • (2019) Scheduled emptying services as an entry point for change
Addressing urban sanitation requires a concurrent focus on both infrastructure and service delivery systems. Where on-site sanitation is the main type of sanitation, as in the programme cities, a focus on safe faecal sludge management was required. Regular emptying of on-site containment systems is a key service delivery challenge that […]}
Badu, E., Owusu-Manu, G., Donkor-Hyiaman, K. A., Conway, C., Edwards, D. J. • (2015) Innovative Financing Mechanisms for Delivering Sanitation Infrastructure
The study identifies four traditional sanitation financing methods through the use of debt, budgetary allocations, donor funds and community-based organizations. Essentially, public private partnerships (PPPs) and private finance initiatives (PFIs) are the most significant innovative financing approaches among fifteen instruments studied. Subsidies, grants and guarantees were also observed to rank […]}
SNV • (2019) Identifying the last 10% of households practising open defecation in rural Tanzania
Since 2017, SNV and the Government of Tanzania have been implementing the Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All (SSH4A) programme in eight Tanzanian districts. To date, the number of households that use toilets has increased to 90%. In the period March–April 2019, SNV Tanzania undertook a household survey in the […]}
Fonseca, C., and Pories, L. • (2017) Financing WASH - how to increase funds for the sector while reducing inequities (Position paper for the Sanitation and Water for All Finance Ministers Meeting)
Globally, investments concentrate on the construction of infrastructure (capital expenditure) with insufficient attention on the systems needed to make the water and sanitation infrastructure function properly: regulations, policies, monitoring, institutions and the people that provide WASH services at regional, district and municipal levels. The lack of non-capital expenditure and support […]}
Daudey, L. • (2018) The cost of urban sanitation solutions: a literature review
The main objective of this paper is to review the literature on and compare the lifecycle costs of full sanitation chain systems in developing cities of Africa and Asia. Overall, financial cost reporting methodologies have been inconsistent and many studies only focus on capital costs or do not report cost […]}
OECD • (2010) Innovative Financing Mechanisms for the Water Sector
This report examines innovative financing mechanisms that can help attract new financial resources into water and sanitation services (WSS ). A particular focus is placed on mobilising market-based repayable financing (such as loans, bonds and equity) as a way of bridging the financial gap to meet the Millennium Development Goals […]}
UN • (2018) Sustainable Development Goal 6
The establishment of SDG 6, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, reflects the increased attention on water and sanitation issues in the global political agenda. The 2030 Agenda lists rising inequalities, natural resource depletion, environmental degradation and climate change among the greatest challenges of our […]}
Hutton, G. • (2013) Global costs and benefits of reaching universal coverage of sanitation and drinking-water supply
Economic evidence on the cost and benefits of sanitation and drinking-water supply supports higher allocation of resources and selection of efficient and affordable interventions. The study aim is to estimate global and regional costs and benefits of sanitation and drinking-water supply interventions to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target in 2015, as […]}
Cardone, R., Fonseca, C. • (2006) Innovative Financing
Secondary urban centres vary widely, both in terms of economic base and water service delivery models. Moreover, what constitutes a Secondary urban centres in one part of the world may be deemed to be something else somewhere else. For example, what might be regarded as Secondary urban centres in India […]}
GIZ • (2019) Making Children Fit For School
The F4S approach uses the school setting to support the institutionalization of health-promoting behaviour of children. This includes washing hands with soap, brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste, daily cleaning of sanitary facilities, etc. The measures in schools include a clear set of rules for routine group activities, simple infrastructural measures […]}
UNU-IAS • (2018) Innovation in Local and Global Learning Systems for Sustainability
Health is a sustainability subject with diverse intersectoral linkages across several SDGs. The scope of SDG 3 – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages – is broad and ambitious. As highlighted through these case studies, sustainability education and participatory, multi-stakeholder learning and action have significant […]}
SuSanA • (2020) Everything there is to know about the SuSanA Discussion Forum
These presentations provides you with detailed information about the SuSanA Discussion Forum. You can use these slides in your own presentations if you want to explain the Discussion Forum to somebody. The most recent presentation is called "The Discussion Forum - latest developments, results from user survey and from member analysis" […]}
UNICEF • (2018) WASH in Schools Empowers Girls´ Education
Action to improve menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for schoolgirls in low- and middleincome countries continues to gather momentum around the world. The annual virtual conference on MHM in schools shared recent evidence and programmes that illustrate the continuing progress in the field. The conference provides a vital global platform for […]}
Slaymaker, T., Johnston, R., Chatterley, C. • (2018) Global Monitoring of MHM in Schools
The presentation provides data to the following questions: - Where is MHM in schools in the SGDs? - Are national baselines available? - What indicators are being monitored and through what sources? - What actions are needed to improve monitoring?}
ISF-UTS and SNV • (2019) Considering climate change in urban sanitation: Conceptual approaches and practical implications
This paper presents a comprehensive conceptualisation of how climate change could be considered in urban sanitation policy and programming. Given the urban sanitation crisis facing many cities in developing countries, consideration of climate change can seem like an unwanted distraction from the immediate problems at hand (Bartram, et al., 2017). Climate […]}
Howard, G., Calow, R., Macdonald, A., Bartram, J. • (2016) Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action
Climate change represents the most significant challenge of the twenty-first century and poses risks to water and sanitation services. Concerns for water supply include damage to infrastructure from flooding, loss of water sources due to declining rainfall and increasing demand, and changes in the water quality of water sources and […]}
Oates, N., Ross, I., Calow, R., Carter, R., Doczi, J. • (2014) Adaptation to climate change in water, sanitation and hygiene - Assessing risks, appraising options in Africa
Water will be the main channel through which the impacts of climate change will be felt by people, ecosystems and economies. However, predicting impacts on the availability and quality of freshwater resources, and on water-dependent services and sanitation, remains difficult. While there is a high level of confidence in the […]}
Brama, K. • (2018) The monthly cost of bleeding
Both in the area of sexual and reproductive health and in development cooperation projects, the issue of menstruation has long been neglected. Recently, the combination of menstrual health and improvements in education has gained popularity. In particular, NGOs and corporate social responsibility departments in companies producing and selling menstrual products […]}
MMC • (2019) Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) School Research Report 2019
Many of the schools visited have a population of students of more than 500, of which 300 are female pupils and 200 are male pupils. Furthermore, with a total number of 8 members of staff, of which 3 are male and 5 are female teachers. With the problem analysis, Maboshe […]}
Oxfam, HIF, WEDC • (2018) Shining a Light - How lighting in or around sanitation facilities affects the risk of gender-based violence in camps (in English and French)
Camps are places of refuge for people fleeing conflict and disaster, but they can be dangerous, especially for women and girls. In their first months, many camps rely on communal sanitation facilities – a quick and cost-effective way of meeting immediate needs and minimizing public health risks until a better […]}
World Bank • (2019) Evaluating the Potential of Container-Based Sanitation
Urban population growth in many developing countries outpaces gains in improved sanitation access and services. In such circumstances, the traditional approach to urban sanitation, premised on extending sewerage networks and building wastewater treatment (WWT) plants, will not be sufficient to deliver citywide sanitation services for all. Alternative approaches are needed […]}
Various Authors • (2019) SFD Week 2019, Rajasthan, India
The SFD week conducted from 2nd to 5th April 2019, was a three-day conclave on sanitation that helped around 140 sector players, from across India and beyond, to not only learn from the deliberations that went by throughout the week but also witness and enjoy the serene atmosphere that AAETI […]}
Kraemer, P., Marín Araya, M., Rodrigues, C., Valenzuela, L. • (2019) Lanzamiento de SuSanA Latinoamérica (in Spanish)
Durante la V LATINOSAN en San José, Costa Rica, se lanzó oficialmente SuSanA Latinoamérica. El evento fue moderado por Sergio Pérez, un especialista en agua y saneamiento del BID, y más de 70 asistentes participaron. Cecilia Rodrigues (Secretaría de SuSanA) ofreció un breve resumen del impacto global de SuSanA y […]}
Various Authors • (2019) LatinoSan 2019, San José, Costa Rica, Materiales de la conferencia (in Spanish)
La V Conferencia de Latinoamérica de Saneamiento 2019 tuvo lugar en San José, Costa Rica. LatinoSan es una conferencia del nivel internacional y regional, dónde se reúnen cada 3 años actores políticos, empresas y sociedad civil. El objetivo del evento es la promoción del acceso a servicios de saneamiento sostenible […]}
Bohnert, K. • (2017) SFD Report - Naivasha, Kenya
Naivasha sub-county is one of 11 constituencies in Nakuru County, Kenya. This geographical boundary was chosen for the SFD because the local water service provider, Naivasha Water Sewerage and Sanitation Company (NAIVAWASS), is mandated to serve the sub-county. Naivasha sub-county has an estimated population of 314,052. At the time of […]}
Jacob, N. • (2019) Setting Standards and Financing Waste Water Management in India
This discussion will examine a few aspects of the waste water economy. In November 2018, the SuSanA India Chapter, IRC and TARU organised a face-to-face ‘Insights Discussion’ on sharing experiences on waste water challenges and solutions, facilitated by the Ecosan Services Foundation, in Mumbai. That discussion brought out five issues […]}
WHO, UNICEF • (2019) WASH in health care facilities
The purpose of this document is to present eight practical actions that Member States can take at the national and sub-national level to improve WASH in health care facilities. It also summarizes the global response to the UN Secretary General’s Call to Action. This document is a companion to the […]}
TBC • (2017) Introducing The Sanitation Economy
The Sanitation Economy presents vast potential for global economic growth while addressing one of the most urgent grand challenges of our time, achieving universal access to improved sanitation (SDG6). It monetises toilet provision, products and services, biological resources, data and information to provide benefits across business and society.}
Aavishkaar-Intellecap, TBC • (2018) Beyond CSR To The Sanitation Economy
The transition to the Sanitation Economy presents a transformational opportunity to ensure a sustainable future for sanitation systems that can provide alternatives to the cost burdened systems of today, towards cost recovery and full of life-improving innovations, business and commercial investment opportunities - that could turn the outlook for SDG […]}
TBC • (2018) The Sanitation Economy In Agriculture
In the tea sector in Assam, India, the Toilet Board Coalition (TBC), together with the Ethical Tea Partnership (ETP), have been assessing Circular Sanitation Economy approaches for plantations, with new technologies, business models and infrastructure. This report outlines initial findings from our work with the tea sector in 2018, building […]}
TBC • (2018) Smart Sanitation City
In India, the Government’s Smart Cities Mission launched in 2016 seeks to develop 100 cities across the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable. There is a focus on efficiency, improved public services, goods, spaces, and modernisation of pubic services. At the same time, in 2014 the Government of India […]}
Browder, G., Ozment, S., Rehberger Bescos, I., Gartner, T., Lange, G.-M. • (2019) Integrating Green and Gray
A new generation of infrastructure projects that harness the power of nature can help achieve development goals, including water security and climate resilience. In this report from the World Bank and World Resources Institute, both organizations are calling for green infrastructure, such as mangroves and wetlands, to play a bigger […]}
Strande, L., Ronteltap, M., Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) • (2014) Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) book
Over a billion people in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation technologies. Until now, the management of faecal sludge resulting from these onsite technologies has been grossly neglected. Financial resources are often lacking, and onsite sanitation systems tend to be regarded […]}
Sanchez, J., Myat, S.S., Kyaw, P.P. • (2019) SFD Report - Mandalay, Myanmar
Mandalay is located on the bank of the Irrawaddy on a rather flat and low flood plain, in the centre of Myanmar’s dry-zone. Mandalay is the second largest city of Myanmar. Mandalay experiences increased informal settlements due to rapid expansion. All sanitation infrastructures in Mandalay are onsite. The SFD graphic shows […]}
WHO • (2017) Water and sanitation for health facility improvement tool (WASH FIT) (in Arabic, English, French and Spanish)
UNICEF and World Health Organization (WHO) have collaborated to produce the WASH FIT tool in Arabic, English, French, and Spanish. This tool is designed for use by health care facility managers and health care staff e.g., the chief medical officer, financial administrator, doctors, nurses and persons in charge of managing water […]}
GIZ, LWSC, LCC • (2019) The development and use of SFDs for better sanitation investment planning
The CSF-Lusaka project supports its implementing partners in the use of Shit Flow Diagrams (SFDs) to better understand and illustrate the sanitation situation in Lusaka City, the capital of Zambia. In 2018, a number of SFD reports were prepared, covering Lusaka City as a whole and looking into peri-urban areas […]}
GIZ • (2019) Sustainable Sanitation Newsletter 2019 (English and French)
This newsletter will provide you with a set of updates from the GIZ bilateral water and sanitation programmes in Africa, Asia, MENA and Latin America as well as a selection of news from other sustainable sanitation projects worldwide. This newsletter focuses on digital approaches in sanitation.}
Global WASH Cluster • (2019) GWC Annual Report 2018
The Global WASH Cluster Annual Report for 2018 summarizes the most salient results achieved over the year, the key challenges faced in implementing the Global WASH Cluster (GWC) Strategic Plan and recommends activities to overcome the challenges. The 2018 Annual Report follows the model established in the 2017 Annual Report. […]}
Wendland, C., Jorritsma, F., Wienpahl, I., Herbst, S. • (2019) Comparison of Students' Acceptance of Conventional and Ecological Sanitation in Rural Schools
In rural areas of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) without reliable piped water supply, the conventional school sanitation system – the pit latrine – is leading to hygienic and environmental problems. Urine diverting dry toilets (UDDT) have been demonstrated to be an alternative, ecological sanitation solution for […]}
Rodrigues, C., Sivila, L. • (2018) SFD Report - Tarija, Bolivia (in Spanish)
Tarija es la capital de la provincia de Cercado y del departamento de Tarija, ubicada en un valle al extremo sur de Bolivia, que hace frontera con Argentina, siendo atravesada por el rio Guadalquivir. Para este reporte fue considerada el área de la ciudad de Tarija, cuya jurisdicción es mayor […]}
Various Authors • (2019) Resource Recovery & Safe Reuse (RRR) and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)
On 20. February 2019 a side-event and lunch-meeting on Resource Recovery & Safe Reuse (RRR) and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) took place during the 5th AfricaSan Regional Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene (AfricaSan5) and 5th International Faecal Sludge Management (FSM5) Conference in Cape Town, South Africa. […]}
Various Authors • (2018) Dry Toilet Conference 2018
The 6th International Dry Toilet Conference 2018 was held in Tampere, Finland on 22nd – 24th August 2018. The theme of the conference was Dry Toilet Goes Circular with a focus on Cooperation, Co-creation and Experimentation. Please find the oral presentations and poster presentations below via the links to […]}
WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme) • (2019) The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019
The UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme brings together the work of numerous UN-Water Members and Partners to produce the United Nations World Water Development Report series.The annual editions focus on strategic water issues. UN-Water Members and Partners as well as other experts contribute the latest knowledge on a specific theme.The […]}
Salian, P. • (2016) SFD Thinking - Adding iconography can make it easier to grasp the sanitation reality of a city: Experiences from a workshop in Uganda
In a town sanitation planning workshop in Apac, Uganda, the SFD was chosen as a visual tool to highlight the critical issues in sanitation existing in the towns and to have a common understanding of the FSM situation across the sanitation chain. As most participants came from different backgrounds it […]}
Dewhurst • (2018) SFD Thinking - SFD creation process and impacts (Case of Nairobi, Kenya)
The SFD report produced for Nairobi City involved a broad array of stakeholders from the outset. This resulted in a high degree of cooperation, as participants “bought-in” to the concept, fully engaged in the development process and now collectively own the results. This ownership has increased awareness and acceptance of the […]}
Peal, A. • (2018) SFD Thinking - A comparison of methods for excreta flow analysis: WHO/UNICEF JMP and SFD PI
Wherefrom do we get data on the sanitation status in cities and countries and what qualities do these data need to have to be relevant either for JMP reporting or to be used in developing an SFD for a given city? Against this background, the comparison of methods for excreta […]}
Andersson, K. • (2017) SFD Thinking - Resource Value Mapping based on SFDs
Inspired by the SFD, the Resource Value Mapping tool (REVAMP) is being developed at Stockholm Environment Initiative (SEI) for quickly estimating, visualizing and valuing the resources that could be recovered from a city’s organic waste streams: sewage sludge, faecal sludge, and food and other organic solid waste. There is increasing interest […]}
Fernandez-Martinez, L., Furlong, C. • (2016) SFD Thinking - Spreading the knowledge through Scenario SFDs in Ghana
After exploring the potential of SFDs in predicting the impact of sanitation investment projects across the sanitation service chain, a new feature was developed called “trend graphs” or “Scenario SFDs”. It allows visualizing different scenarios and giving an outlook on what the situation could look like in the future and […]}
Nisaa, A. F., Hajrah, H. • (2018) SFD Thinking - SFDs going viral in Indonesia
Since 2017, each city/regency in Indonesia has been requested to incorporate an SFD graphic into the respective sanitation strategy document (SKK). Within 2017 already 134 cities and regencies submitted the SKK and . according to the Ministry of Public Works, another 46 documents from cities and regencies were expected in […]}
Nisaa, A. F., Hajrah, H. • (2018) SFD Case Story - The Shit Flow Diagram in Indonesia
Since 2017, each city/regency in Indonesia has been requested to incorporate an SFD graphic into the respective sanitation strategy document (SKK). Within 2017 already 134 cities and regencies submitted the SKK and . according to the Ministry of Public Works, another 46 documents from cities and regencies were expected in […]}
Al-Muyeed, A., Nath, S. K., Basar, Md. S. • (2018) SFD Report - Sakhipur, Bangladesh
Sakhipur is a town of Sakhipur Upazila, tangail, Bangladesh. The city is recognised as a Municipality and consists of 9 wards. The number of households in Sakhipur Municipality is 7,473 and the total population of the Municipality is 30,028, with a density of 1,100 persons per sq.km. The literacy rate […]}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Lite Report - Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) stands on the bank of the river Padma in Rajshahi districts. RCC was established in 1991. It comprises of 30 wards and total area is 96.72 sq. km. The total population of Rajshahi City Corporation is about 0.85 million with Population Density 4,318/Sq Km. In […]}
Panse, D., Kale, S. • (2018) SFD Report - Pandharpur, India
Pandharpur is a well-known pilgrimage town on the banks of Bhima River in Sholapur district, Maharashtra, India. The population of Pandharpur is 98,923 and the floating population is around 10,000 to 40,000. 39% of Pandharpur is dependent on offsite sanitation. Population connected to sewer line is 33% and user interface discharging directly […]}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Lite Report - Narayanganj, Bangladesh
Narayanganj City Corporation (NCC) is situated in the south of Dhaka city within the district of Narayanganj, part of Dhaka division. Narayanganj City Corporation (NCC) is the country’s 7th largest city corporation, established on 21st March 2011. Comprised of 27 wards, the city is approximately 72.43 sq. km with a […]}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Lite Report - Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Mymensingh is one of the districts of Mymensingh division. Mymensingh is governed by Mymensingh City Corporation which comprises of 21 wards. According to data from 2017 the total population of Mymensingh City Corporation is about 478,889, the population density is 1,163/Sq Km and the annual growth rate is 1.28%. The SFD […]}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Report - Gazipur, Bangladesh
Gazipur is one of the districts of Dhaka division and Gazipur City Corporation comprises of 57 wards and its total area is 329.53 sq. km. The total population of Gazipur City Corporation is about 2.5 million with a population density of 1,884/sq km. The majority of the population use septic tanks […]}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Lite Report - Cumilla, Bangladesh
Cumilla city corporation stands on the bank of the river Gumti in Cumilla district. Cumilla City Corporation (CoCC) consists of 27 wards with current population 0.5 million and an area of 53.04 sq.km. Most of the population uses septic tanks (70%), and around 30% population uses toilet with pits. Of […]}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Lite Report - Chattogram, Bangladesh
Chattogram City Corporation is the Commercial Capital and second largest city in Bangladesh. Chattogram City Corporation is the Commercial Capital and second largest city in Bangladesh. The city corporation is divided into 41 wards. On July 31, 1990, it was named as Chittagong City Corporation. Later, in 2018, Chittagong was […]}
Panse, D., Kale, S., Karve, M. • (2018) SFD Report - Alandi, India
Alandi is a pilgrimage town and has a municipal council in Pune district. The population of town as per Census 2011 is 28,645 persons. The density of city is 4,188 persons per sq.km. which is very high as compared to the state average of 365 persons per sq.km. Slum […]}
Andy Peal • (2018) A comparison of methods for excreta flow analysis: WHO/UNICEF JMP and SFD PI
Wherefrom do we get data on the sanitation status in cities and countries and what qualities do these data need to have to be relevant either for JMP reporting or to be used in developing an SFD for a given city? Against this background, the comparison of methods for excreta […]}
WHO, NNN • (2019) WHO Toolkit for WASH & Neglected Tropical Diseases - Webinar recordings and presentation
Recordings and presentation for the webinar jointly hosted by SuSanA, WHO and NNN on the new ‘How to’ guide for NTD programmes: “WASH and Health working together: a practical guide for NTD programmes." Presentation held by Sophie Boisson (WHO), Leah Wohlgemuth (NNN) and Yael Velleman (Schistosomiasis Control Initiative)}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Report - Kasungu, Malawi
Kasungu municipality is approximately 130 kilometres north-west of the capital of Malawi, Lilongwe. It has a total population of 77,619. The population swells up during the day, except on Sundays when most shops are closed. The municipality has a high population density of 2,188 people per square kilometre. The majority […]}
Shrestha, J., Shrestha, R. • (2018) SFD Report - Itahari, Nepal
Itahari Sub-Metropolitan is the largest city in Sunsari District located in the Province No.1 of south-eastern Nepal. The total population was 1,40,517 living in 33,794 households extended in the area of 93.78 square kilometres and the population growth rate is 6.23. The sub-metropolitan does not have municipal sewer network, thus […]}
Akwunwa, N., Ogunlade, A. • (2018) SFD Report - Enugu, Nigeria
Enugu City is a major commercial and industrial hub in southeastern Nigeria with an estimated population of just over a million people, although this figure increases during the daytime as many residents of the state come to the city to work and trade. A study estimated that 70 percent of […]}
Collet, S., Yesaya, M., Tilley, E. • (2016) SFD Report - Blantyre, Malawi
The city of Blantyre is the commercial and financial centre of Malawi and is located around 300 kilometres south-east of the capital, Lilongwe. Blantyre is situated at an altitude of approximately 1,050 meters above the sea level with a population of 1,068,681. Over 65 percent of the city’s population live […]}
Jones, H., Wilbur, J. • (2014) Compendium of accessible WASH technologies
This compendium is designed for use by staff working directly with communities - e.g. health workers and community volunteers working with disabled and older people and their families in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. A few examples of technologies are presented that families can adapt to suit their needs and […]}
WHO, NNN • (2018) WASH and Health working together
This toolkit provides step-by-step guidance to Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programme managers and partners on how to engage and work collaboratively with the WASH community to improve delivery of water, sanitation and hygiene services to underserved population affected by many neglected tropical diseases. The toolkit is based on real-life programme […]}
WHO, UN-Water • (2012) UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2012 Report (in Arabic, English, French and Russian)
This second UN-Water GLAAS report presents data received from 74 developing countries, covering all the Millennium Development Goal regions, and from 24 external support agencies, representing approximately 90% of official development assistance for sanitation and drinking-water. 1. Sections 1 and 2 of the report describe the efforts of countries to be […]}
WHO, UN-Water • (2015) Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Accsess, Reducing Inequalities
In this regional analysis, the UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2013/2014 country survey data from 11 Eastern Mediterranean Member States and territories, i.e. countries, are presented along with information provided by 23 external support agencies (ESAs). The 11 countries representing a population of 430 million […]}
WHO, UN-Water • (2015) Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Accsess, Reducing Inequalities
This South-East Asia Regional Highlights includes analysis of implementation of national policies, sustainability, human rights and equity measures, monitoring, human resources, financing and external support. Ten out of the 11 countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region with a total population of 1.8 billion, participated in the GLAAS 2013/2014 reporting cycle. […]}
WHO, UN-Water • (2016) Investing in Water and Sanitation: Increasing Access, Reducing Inequalities
The Region of the Americas Highlights includes analysis of implementation of national policies, sustainability, human rights and equity measures, monitoring, human resources, financing and external support. Sixteen countries out of 35 in the WHO Region of the Americas, with a total population of 550 million, participated in the GLAAS 2013/2014 reporting […]}
WHO, UN-Water • (2017) Financing Universal Water, Sanitation and Hygiene under the Sustainable Development Goals
The GLAAS 2017 report focuses on the key role of financing in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector. It is designed to provide a global perspective as the world embarks on achieving the SDGs, particularly SDG 6 relating to clean water and sanitation, which is essential to good health […]}
SanCop, Oxfam • (2018) 22nd SanCoP meeting: Financing Sustainable Sanitation
The 22nd meeting of the UK’s Sanitation Community of Practice was held on the 26th of November 2018 at Oxfam House in Oxford. The aim of the event was to discuss with the participants the needs and potentials of financing sanitation. The challenges of finding funding sources, data acquisition, correct […]}
Langergraber, G., Lechner, M. • (2019) Sustainable Sanitation Practice
Articles in this issue: - Building Viable Business Models for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises; Louise Carpentier and Martin Wafler - Eco Solutions Forge; Bogdan Popov - SR3 INVENT sustainable projects and businesses in Ecuador; Stefan Breitenmoser - SOIL - Building a Sustainable Citywide Sanitation Service; Natalie Miller and Leah […]}
SFD Promotion Initiative • (2019) SFD Review Procedure
The five step Review Procedure developed by the SFD Promotion Initiative ensures standardization of all the SFDs published on the SFD Webportal. We will be happy to provide you with feedback on your draft SFD Report. A member of the pool of experts will provide you with comments on your […]}
SFD Promotion Initiative • (2019) SFD Report Templates and Guidance Documents
For help with writing your SFD report or your SFD Thinking, you can use the templates: - SFD Report Template - SFD Lite Report Template - SFD Thinking Template For more support, the Guidance Notes can be consulted. These documents were produced under the SFD Promotion Initiative and have been reviewed after being field-tested in […]}
von Sperling, M. • (2016) Urban wastewater treatment in Brazil
The major focus of this report is the description and critical analysis of the main wastewater treatment processes used in Brazil. Special emphasis is given to small to medium size communities with populations lower than 100,000 inhabitants, which represent approximately 95% of the 5,570 Brazilian municipalities. In terms of coverage, around 40% of the […]}
SFD Promotion Initiative • (2018) SFD Survey Report
This report summarizes the results obtained from an on-line survey conducted by the Shit Flow Diagram Promotion Initiative (SFD-PI) as a key deliverable of the SFD project. The survey was launched on April 11th, 2018 and ran for three weeks until May 1st, 2018. The survey was intended to collect people’s opinions […]}
Guppy, L., Uyttendaele, P., Villholth, K. G., Smakhtin, V. • (2018) Groundwater and Sustainable Development Goals
Groundwater represents 97% of the world’s available freshwater resources and is extensively abstracted throughout the world. While abundant in a global context, it can only de developed to a certain extent without causing environmental impacts. Also, it is highly variable across the globe, and where it is heavily relied on, […]}
SFD Promotion Initiative • (2018) Guidance for using the SFD Graphic Generator
The three guidance documents serve the purpose to facilitate and enhance the usage of the SFD Graphic Generator (GG). The "Classification Tool" helps SFD producers to select the most appropriate sanitation systems from the SFD Selection Grid. A support to the step 2 of the SFD GG, the estimation of […]}
Laramee, J. E. • (2017) Assessing Lifecycle Costs and Benefits of Integrated Sanitation and Energy Recovery Strategies in low-income Countries (PhD thesis)
By mid-century, the global urban population is projected to increase by 2.4 billion people with 60% of growth expected to take place in cites of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA) (UN-DESA, 2015). These regions have some of the lowest rates of urban sanitation coverage and modern fuel access, […]}
SuSanA • (2019) How does SuSanA generate impact?
Selected sanitation projects from different parts of the world were requested to report on how SuSanA had influenced the work carried out. This resulted in a variety of evidence indicating that SuSanA can have a far-reaching effect providing expertise, convenor of meetings, a source of online information, networked contacts, discussion […]}
Briemberg, J. • (2018) SFD Report - Bilwi, Nicaragua
Bilwi (also known as Puerto Cabezas) is located in the northeast of Nicaragua on the Caribbean coast. The current population size is estimated to be between 66,790 and 73,615 based on between 12,205 and 14,723 registered properties that are currently inhabited with an average population of five people per lot […]}
WaterAid • (2018) SFD Lite Report - Wa, Ghana
The Upper West Region of Ghana is located in the north-western corner of Ghana with the Wa Municipality in the south-eastern part of the Upper West region. Currently, the total population of the Municipality stands at 127,284 and its population density is 542 persons per sq. km. The Municipality has […]}
Rohilla, S.K., Luthra, B., Padhi, S.K., Gupta, B. • (2017) SFD Report - Ramnagar, India
Ramnagar city is situated on the banks of the Ganga River in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The population of the city is 49,132 and its population density is 13,572 persons per sq.km (data from 2011). The slum population is 1,958, representing 3.98% of the total population. The existing sewer […]}
Rohilla, S.K., Luthra, B., Padhi, S.K., Yadav, A. • (2017) SFD Report - Katihar, India
Katihar, the district headquarters of Katihar District, is located in the state of Bihar, India. The population of Katihar city is 240,838 with a population density of 9,437 persons per sq.km (Data from 2011). During the post-independence period, commerce showed a phenomenal increase with the associated small scale industrial development, […]}
Rohilla, S.K., Luthra, B., Padhi, S.K., Bhatnagar, A. • (2017) SFD Report - Gangaghat, India
The city of Gangaghat is located 83 km south west from Lucknow, the state capital. The population of the city is 84,072 (data from 2011) with a population density of 17,122 persons per sq.km. It was found that there is no sewerage network and the entire population is dependent on Onsite […]}
Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Eschborn, Germany • (2018) Poster: What gets measured gets done
There is a growing pool of evidence with regard to the effectiveness of school-based MHM interventions under WASH in Schools (WinS). This is because schools provide the ideal environment to reach all girls and boys and address taboos and misconceptions in a culturally sensitive manner. Ministries of Education (MoE) have the […]}
Rohilla, S.K.,Luthra, B., Padhi, S.K., Gupta, B. • (2017) SFD Report - Chunar, India
Chunar is situated on the banks of River Ganga and River Jirgo, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The population of the city is 37,185 (data from 2011). There is no sewerage network in the city and 71% of the city is dependent on onsite sanitation systems (OSS), out of […]}
Rohilla, S.K., Luthra, B., Padhi, S.K., Bhatnagar, A. • (2017) SFD Report - Buxar, India
Buxar city is situated on the banks of River Ganga in the state of Bihar, India. The population of the city is 102,861, while slum population is 10,161 (data from 2011). It was observed that there is no sewerage network existing in the city and the equivalent population is dependent on […]}
Rohilla, S.K., Luthra, B., Yadav, A., Varadharajan, A. • (2017) SFD Report - Bongaon, India
Bongaon city lies in the state of West Bengal, India. It has a population of 108,864 of which the slum population accounts to 37.04% of the total population (data from 2011). All households are dependent currently on Onsite Sanitation Systems (OSS). The town does not have any treatment facility for […]}
Rohilla, S.K., Luthra, B., Padhi, S.K., Varadharajan, A. • (2017) SFD Report - Bodhgaya, India
Bodhgaya is a small town, located in the Gaya district of Bihar. A population size of 51,900 was considered for the preparation of the SFD. There is no treatment facility available for sewage and faecal sludge generated in the town. 51% of the population of Bodhgaya depends on […]}
Sumedh, M. • (2018) Community-Based Approaches to Tackle Open Defecation in Rural India: Theory, Evidence and Policies
Open defecation (OD), an age-old practice in India, impacts the health of individuals as well as their communities. To tackle the problem, the Government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014, aimed at making the country open-defecation free (ODF) by October 2019 by giving more attention to […]}
CPR • (2018) Scaling City Institutions for India: Sanitation - Updates from SCI-FI project
This library entry contains several documents produced by the SCI-FI project which wa led by Shubhagato Dasgupta and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Name of lead organization: Centre for Policy Research Primary contact at lead organization: Shubhagato Dasgupta, Senior Fellow Grantee location: New Delhi, India Developing country where the research […]}
Dalberg Advisors • (2017) Sanitation worker safety and livelihoods in India: A blueprint for action
The Sanitation Project In 2017, Dalberg Advisors carried out a study of sanitation workers across India – the first of its kind – to understand the issue both from a worker perspective as well as a supply-side or institutional perspective The Sanitation Workers Project is a structured, first-of-its-kind 5-month long study of […]}
ADB • (2016) Financing Mechanisms for Wastewater and Sanitation
Financing sewerage and sanitation projects can be in several forms. In Kitakyushu, Japan, the central government provided subsidy to the city government in the construction of sewer lines and wastewater treatment plants. In Alandur, India, the municipality worked with a private sector partner in constructing and operating a sewerage treatment […]}
Ray, I., Prasad, CS S. • (2018) Where there are no Sewers
November 19 is World Toilet Day. Enormous progress has been made in the global effort to provide safe and affordable toilets for the world’s poorest citizens since World Toilet Day was first declared in 2001. Significant strides have been made in “reinventing” toilet designs for low-income, water-short, unsewered urban zones; […]}
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