As per the 2011 census, the share of urban population is 31.2% as against 28% of 2001 census of the total
population of the country which is expected to be 50% by 2050. This increase in population has created a
significantly enhanced demand on urban sanitation, inter alia. As per the 2011 Census, 81.4% households
have toilet facilities within their premises. Out of this, 32.7% households have water closets connected
to sewer system and 38.2% households are having water closets with septic tank. Remaining 18.6%
households do not have toilet facilities within their premises. However, at present under Swachh Bharat
Mission (Urban), the toilet facilities have significantly improved at present all the cities and towns are
expected to be open defecation free before 2nd October 2019. Government of India had notified Prohibition
of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 and Rules 2013. As per the
Rules, for the purposes for removal of submersible pump sets fixed at the bottom of the suction wells
at sewage pumping stations, reconstruction of manhole, rectification of the sewer main, before allowing entry of a person in the sewer, sewage shall be totally emptied.
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) (2018). Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Cleaning of Sewers and Septic Tanks Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO)
Guidelines and manualsEnglishImport to Sanitation Workers PlatformHealth & SafetyHealth & Safety
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