Sanitation is a major challenge for developing countries. According to World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Emergency Children’s Fund (UNICEF), approximately 2.5 billion people in developing countries lack access to proper sanitation facilities (WHO and UNICEF (2013). This has led to the spread of water borne diseases and reduction of the quality of life of the affected people. The “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge” (RTTC) which is an initiative of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation aims is to setup novel sanitation systems and find a hygienic and sustainable disposal route for human waste. Membrane technology such as microfiltration/ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and forward osmosis can be used for this purpose. The main objective of this study was to explore the use of microfiltration/Ultrafiltration membranes to determine the parameters that affect the performance of the membranes when filtering two types of urine: stored urine representing the stored feedstock which could be obtained from Urine Diversion Dry Toilets (UDDT); diluted stored urine representing the feedstock which could be obtained from urinals. This was based on the study of flux, permeability, fouling potential and rejection. This study was limited to stored urine which is more stable than fresh urine. A stirred Amicon® cell in dead-end filtration mode was used in a range of constant transmembrane pressures (TMP) between 10 and 60 kPa. All the membranes used in this study were similar with the same material and molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 500 kilo Daltons (kDa). Permeability of the membrane before and after filtration, and after cleaning was determined by measuring flux against transmembrane pressure using deionised water. Fouling potential was determined using the modified fouling index (MFI). Physico-chemical characteristics, including particle size distribution analysis, of diluted and undiluted urine before and after filtration were also determined for the purpose of determining membrane rejection. Three cases were studied during these experiments. Case 1 and case 2 involved filtration of undiluted urine while case 3 using diluted urine (at 1:5 ratio of urine to water). For case 1, the experiment was set to start from low to high transmembrane pressure while in the opposite direction for case 2. Case 3 pressure was operated in a similar manner as case 1.

Bibliographic information

Ouma, J.A. (2016). Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration of stored Urine and Urine Diluted with Water Master thesis from the Pollution Research Group, at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Durban, South Africa)

Filter / Tags

UrineCase studies in other formatsEnglish

Related Countries

South Africa

Downloads