Potential costs and revenues of ecological sanitation in Accra (Ghana) Is there a chance for urine-based fertilizer to be market competitive? Stoll, N. (2008)
This thesis analyzes the costs for each sanitation facility available in Accra and shows that ecological sanitation can be realized at the lowest per capita costs. This implies, that costs for transportation of excreta to the fields and possible storage costs can be covered by revenues from the sales of urine or a urine-based fertilizer to urban agriculturists. In order to assess the market chances of a urine based fertilizer the fertilizer market in Ghana is reviewed. The market review reveals that there is a strong ecological demand for fertilizers in Ghana that remains uncovered because of (1) macroeconomic constraints, (2) missing profitability of fertilizer use for farmers and (3) lacking knowledge about fertilizer use on farm level. Among the macroeconomic constraints exchange rate fluctuations and a general lack of foreign exchange limit fertilizer exports. Domestically produced urine-based fertilizer is independent from foreign exchange, which represents a competitive advantage.
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Stoll, N. (2008). Potential costs and revenues of ecological sanitation in Accra (Ghana) Is there a chance for urine-based fertilizer to be market competitive?
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