Vögeli, Y., Lohri, C. R., Gallardo, A., Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C. (2014) Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Developing Countries Practical Information and Case Studies
Research on anaerobic digestion solutions for low - and middle-income countries has shown that there is a wealth of knowledge and experience with small- and medium-scale digesters built in rural areas where manure from a few cattle and some household waste is used as feedstock. However, anaerobic digestion still seems to play a negligible role as a treatment option in urban settings for organic yard, […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 3772
Downloads: 244
Khatavkar, A., Matthews, S. (2013) Bio-Latrines
A Bio-latrine is low maintenance system comprising a combination of a toilet and a bio-digester unit. It can be constructed using local materials and requires no machinery or fuel input other than human waste. This brief looks at the option of using bio-latrines, an on-site dry toilet technology which generates fertilising materials and fuel from the human excreta.
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 4580
Downloads: 156
Rose, D. G. (1999) Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Options for urban agriculture
This report is the product of a five-month Centre Internship at the International Development Research Centre - Cities Feeding People Programme Initiative (CFP) during the summer of 1999. The report was commissioned to provide CFP team members an overview of emergent trends in environmentally sound and economically viable approaches to wastewater management. The subject of the report relates to the management of domestic human waste […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 2592
Downloads: 39
Foxon, K. M., Pillay, S., Lalbahadur, T., Rodda, N., Holder, F., Buckley, C. A. (2004) The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) An appropriate technology for on-site sanitation
This project has studied the appropriateness of the ABR for on-site primary sanitation in low-income communities. The baffled design of the ABR ensures high solids retention resulting in high treatment rates, while the overall sludge production is characteristically low. Effluent COD values measured from a 3 000 l pilot ABR using domestic wastewater at a wastewater treatment works were consistently below 200 mgCOD/l at an […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 3176
Downloads: 222
Polprasert, C., Rajput, V. S. (1982) Septic Tank and Septic Systems Environmental Sanitation Reviews
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the septic tank and septic systems. Information on design and functional aspects, and environmental effects of septic tank systems are presented. In addition, some important research needs as reported in the literature are pinpointed. It should be noted that this review paper contains neither standards nor rules and regulations pertaining to septic tank and septic systems. The design […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 2756
Downloads: 133
Oxfam (2008) Septic Tank Guidelines
A septic tank takes raw sewage in, allows the solids to settle (sludge) and allows the remaining liquid to flow into the surrounding soil by means of a soakaway. Scum on the surface is also prevented from leaving the tank. Microorganisms in the anaerobic environment in the tank digest the sludge and scum. The system consists of several stages, supply to the tank, the tank […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 2133
Downloads: 77
Furlong C., Lamb, J., Bastable, A. (2017) Learning from Oxfam’s Tiger Worm Toilets projects
The world is witnessing the highest levels of forced human displacement on record, leading to people being housed in urban centres and camps. Generally the sanitation needs of these people are initially met by external agencies. The long-term costs of operating and maintaining traditional sanitation systems can be unviable when communities or local authorities take over their management. Therefore Oxfam has been trialling the Tiger […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 2172
Downloads: 42
Furlong, C., Gibson, W. T., Oak, A., Thakar, G., Kodgire, M. (2016) Technical and user evaluation of a novel worm-based, on-site sanitation system in rural India
The technical performance and user acceptance of a novel on-site sanitation system based on vermifiltration was tested for over 12 months in rural India. Ten households (mean household size = 5.6 people) who had previously practised open defecation trialled a pour flush toilet linked to a vermifilter, together known as a ‘Tiger Toilet’. Technical parameters which were monitored over this period included: usage, temperature, accumulation […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 2341
Downloads: 25
Furlong, C., Gibson, W. T., Templeton, M. R., Taillade, M., Kassam, F., Crabb, G., Goodsell, R., McQuilkin, J., Oak, A., Thakar, G., Kodgire, M., Patankar, R. (2015) The development of an onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration: the `tiger toilet'
This paper describes the development of a novel onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration, the Tiger Toilet. Initial laboratory experiments demonstrated that feed distribution was not required, a worm density of 2 kg/m2 could be used, worms preferred wetter environments, and system configuration did not affect effluent quality. Installing the first prototype in the UK proved that the process functioned when scaled, i.e. COD and […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 1859
Downloads: 55
Thakur, P., Singh, S. (2017) SFD Report - Patna, India SFD Promotion Initiative
Patna, the state capital of Bihar, is situated on the southern bank of Ganga River. The city is surrounded by two other rivers on two other sides: Sone River and Pun-Pun River. Patna is the second largest city in eastern India after Kolkata. For the preparation of the SFD, the territory of Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) is selected. The total population of the city is 1.68 […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 4216
Downloads: 236
Kapur, D., Ramisetty, M., Barot, N. (2016) Formative Research to Develop Appropriate Participatory Approaches towards Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Rural Areas
Most sanitation promotion approaches are only partially successful in providing short term increases in sanitation coverage and usage. BCC messages designed as marketing interventions often fail to address deeper underlying causes of resistance behind people’s reluctance to adopt improved and safe sanitation and hygiene (or even physical barriers like water availability). This study was an intensive qualitative research, undertaken with the objective of understanding perceptions, barriers, and motivators […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 1737
Downloads: 16
Tilmans, S., Russel, K., Sklar, R., Page, L., Kramer, S., Davis, J. (2015) Container-based sanitation assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti
Container-based sanitation (CBS) – in which wastes are captured in sealable containers that are then transported to treatment facilities – is an alternative sanitation option in urban areas where on-site sanitation and sewerage are infeasible. This paper presents the results of a pilot household CBS service in Cap Haitien, Haiti. We quantify the excreta generated weekly in a dense urban slum, the proportion safely removed […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2512
Downloads: 26
Reade, A. (2016) What Potential is there for Container Based Sanitation and the Social Enterprise in Urban Emergencies?
Traditional alternatives have included: lined pit latrines, raised latrines and urine diverting dry toilets (UDDTs). These alternatives might be suitable in addressing the unfavourable ground conditions, but are not necessarily able to address the constraints encountered in the urban environment. For this reason agencies have started to take a closer look at some of the newer container based sanitation (CBS) approaches being developed by social […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2099
Downloads: 32
WEDC (2017) Raised and elevated latrines Mobile notes
If ground has rock or groundwater close to the surface, it may not be possible to dig a hole deep enough even for a twin-pit latrine. In such cases pits can be raised above the ground. This short note illustrates ways of doing this.
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 3300
Downloads: 159
WEDC (2014) Pit latrines for special circumstances
Whilst pit latrines are often the most suitable form of sanitation in lowincome communities, there are some situations which present particular challenges for designers and builders. These situations include locations where rock is close to the surface, so preventing the excavation of a deep pit, or in cold climates where solids do not decompose as readily as in warmer environments. This guide examines the problems […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 1567
Downloads: 28
WEDC (2014) Latrine pit excavation and linings
The need for a latrine pit lining depends upon the type of latrine under construction and the condition of the soil. Septic tanks and aqua privies, for example, require watertight compartments so their pits are always lined. For a pit latrine, however, it is only necessary to line the pit if there is a possibility that it will collapse during its life span. This guide […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 4854
Downloads: 198
WEDC (2012) Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines
The addition of a vent pipe to a simple pit latrine is one way of reducing the nuisance of flies in the cubicle if the cubicle is kept clean and dark. This type of latrine is called a ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine. VIP latrines effectively control odour and flies while still allowing users to clean themselves with hard materials such as newspaper and leaves […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 15661
Downloads: 958
Mara, D. D. (1984) Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines Guidelines for the Selection of Design Options
This Discussion Paper provides guidelines that will enable a design engineer to make a rational selection of the VIP latrine design option most appropriate to the community for which he is responsible. The designer is aiming at a technical choice that will be affordable to the householder and will give the best long-term service at the least cost. It is assumed for the purpose of […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2172
Downloads: 29
NIUA (2017) Addressing Urban Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Capacity Needs Assessment
Recognising city-level capacity limitations for decentralised sanitation planning and implementation in India, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) appointed the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) as the anchor organisation for a Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP) to support cities in their sanitation planning and implementation. NIUA partnered with CAWST,2 a capacity development organisation, to design and initiate the SCBP with the goal of building […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2688
Downloads: 50
Reed, B. (2014) Latrine pit design
This guide examines some of the factors that need to be taken into account when planning and designing a latrine pit (or twin pits), including the location of a latrine, its shape, volume, liquid capacity and life.
Online since: 23.02.2018
Views: 2228
Downloads: 41
