Oxfam (2008) Septic Tank Guidelines
A septic tank takes raw sewage in, allows the solids to settle (sludge) and allows the remaining liquid to flow into the surrounding soil by means of a soakaway. Scum on the surface is also prevented from leaving the tank. Microorganisms in the anaerobic environment in the tank digest the sludge and scum. The system consists of several stages, supply to the tank, the tank […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 2286
Downloads: 251
Furlong C., Lamb, J., Bastable, A. (2017) Learning from Oxfam’s Tiger Worm Toilets projects
The world is witnessing the highest levels of forced human displacement on record, leading to people being housed in urban centres and camps. Generally the sanitation needs of these people are initially met by external agencies. The long-term costs of operating and maintaining traditional sanitation systems can be unviable when communities or local authorities take over their management. Therefore Oxfam has been trialling the Tiger […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 2313
Downloads: 3742
Furlong, C., Gibson, W. T., Oak, A., Thakar, G., Kodgire, M. (2016) Technical and user evaluation of a novel worm-based, on-site sanitation system in rural India
The technical performance and user acceptance of a novel on-site sanitation system based on vermifiltration was tested for over 12 months in rural India. Ten households (mean household size = 5.6 people) who had previously practised open defecation trialled a pour flush toilet linked to a vermifilter, together known as a ‘Tiger Toilet’. Technical parameters which were monitored over this period included: usage, temperature, accumulation […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 2485
Downloads: 239
Furlong, C., Gibson, W. T., Templeton, M. R., Taillade, M., Kassam, F., Crabb, G., Goodsell, R., McQuilkin, J., Oak, A., Thakar, G., Kodgire, M., Patankar, R. (2015) The development of an onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration: the `tiger toilet'
This paper describes the development of a novel onsite sanitation system based on vermifiltration, the Tiger Toilet. Initial laboratory experiments demonstrated that feed distribution was not required, a worm density of 2 kg/m2 could be used, worms preferred wetter environments, and system configuration did not affect effluent quality. Installing the first prototype in the UK proved that the process functioned when scaled, i.e. COD and […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 1996
Downloads: 225
Thakur, P., Singh, S. (2017) SFD Report - Patna, India SFD Promotion Initiative
Patna, the state capital of Bihar, is situated on the southern bank of Ganga River. The city is surrounded by two other rivers on two other sides: Sone River and Pun-Pun River. Patna is the second largest city in eastern India after Kolkata. For the preparation of the SFD, the territory of Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) is selected. The total population of the city is 1.68 […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 4374
Downloads: 350
Kapur, D., Ramisetty, M., Barot, N. (2016) Formative Research to Develop Appropriate Participatory Approaches towards Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Rural Areas
Most sanitation promotion approaches are only partially successful in providing short term increases in sanitation coverage and usage. BCC messages designed as marketing interventions often fail to address deeper underlying causes of resistance behind people’s reluctance to adopt improved and safe sanitation and hygiene (or even physical barriers like water availability). This study was an intensive qualitative research, undertaken with the objective of understanding perceptions, barriers, and motivators […]
Online since: 27.02.2018
Views: 1862
Downloads: 245
Tilmans, S., Russel, K., Sklar, R., Page, L., Kramer, S., Davis, J. (2015) Container-based sanitation assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti
Container-based sanitation (CBS) – in which wastes are captured in sealable containers that are then transported to treatment facilities – is an alternative sanitation option in urban areas where on-site sanitation and sewerage are infeasible. This paper presents the results of a pilot household CBS service in Cap Haitien, Haiti. We quantify the excreta generated weekly in a dense urban slum, the proportion safely removed […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2661
Downloads: 161
Reade, A. (2016) What Potential is there for Container Based Sanitation and the Social Enterprise in Urban Emergencies?
Traditional alternatives have included: lined pit latrines, raised latrines and urine diverting dry toilets (UDDTs). These alternatives might be suitable in addressing the unfavourable ground conditions, but are not necessarily able to address the constraints encountered in the urban environment. For this reason agencies have started to take a closer look at some of the newer container based sanitation (CBS) approaches being developed by social […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2261
Downloads: 144
WEDC (2017) Raised and elevated latrines Mobile notes
If ground has rock or groundwater close to the surface, it may not be possible to dig a hole deep enough even for a twin-pit latrine. In such cases pits can be raised above the ground. This short note illustrates ways of doing this.
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 3451
Downloads: 365
WEDC (2014) Pit latrines for special circumstances
Whilst pit latrines are often the most suitable form of sanitation in lowincome communities, there are some situations which present particular challenges for designers and builders. These situations include locations where rock is close to the surface, so preventing the excavation of a deep pit, or in cold climates where solids do not decompose as readily as in warmer environments. This guide examines the problems […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 1699
Downloads: 164
WEDC (2014) Latrine pit excavation and linings
The need for a latrine pit lining depends upon the type of latrine under construction and the condition of the soil. Septic tanks and aqua privies, for example, require watertight compartments so their pits are always lined. For a pit latrine, however, it is only necessary to line the pit if there is a possibility that it will collapse during its life span. This guide […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 5033
Downloads: 8665
WEDC (2012) Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines
The addition of a vent pipe to a simple pit latrine is one way of reducing the nuisance of flies in the cubicle if the cubicle is kept clean and dark. This type of latrine is called a ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine. VIP latrines effectively control odour and flies while still allowing users to clean themselves with hard materials such as newspaper and leaves […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 15880
Downloads: 26344
Mara, D. D. (1984) Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines Guidelines for the Selection of Design Options
This Discussion Paper provides guidelines that will enable a design engineer to make a rational selection of the VIP latrine design option most appropriate to the community for which he is responsible. The designer is aiming at a technical choice that will be affordable to the householder and will give the best long-term service at the least cost. It is assumed for the purpose of […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2311
Downloads: 131
NIUA (2017) Addressing Urban Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Capacity Needs Assessment
Recognising city-level capacity limitations for decentralised sanitation planning and implementation in India, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) appointed the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) as the anchor organisation for a Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP) to support cities in their sanitation planning and implementation. NIUA partnered with CAWST,2 a capacity development organisation, to design and initiate the SCBP with the goal of building […]
Online since: 26.02.2018
Views: 2836
Downloads: 264
Reed, B. (2014) Latrine pit design
This guide examines some of the factors that need to be taken into account when planning and designing a latrine pit (or twin pits), including the location of a latrine, its shape, volume, liquid capacity and life.
Online since: 23.02.2018
Views: 2371
Downloads: 149
Reed, B., Torr, D., Scott, R. (2016) Emergency Sanitation Developing Criteria for Pit Latrine Lining
Pit latrine linings for emergency sanitation facilities require different performance criteria from those for pits used in longer-term development work. Various international initiatives are currently under way to develop new methods of supporting the pits used for latrines in emergencies, but before a solution can be found, the problem needs to be defined. Current field guidance lacks the level of detail required by humanitarian workers […]
Online since: 23.02.2018
Views: 1913
Downloads: 3043
Harvey, P., Baghri, S., Reed, B. (2002) Emergency Sanitation Assessment and Programme Design
Perceptions of what constitutes an ‘emergency’ vary between personnel and between organisations. Generally, an emergency may be considered to be the result of a man-made and/or natural disaster, whereby there is a serious, often sudden, threat to the health of the affected community which has great difficulty in coping without external assistance. This book has been written to help all those involved in planning and implementing […]
Online since: 23.02.2018
Views: 2147
Downloads: 150
Mosler, H.-J., Contzen, N. (2016) Systematic Behavior Change in Water Sanitation and Hygiene A practical guide using the RANAS approach
The Risks, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self-regulation (RANAS) approach to systematic behavior change is an established method for designing and evaluating behavior change strategies that target and change the factors influencing a specific behavior in a specific population. In brief, it is an easily applied method for measuring behavioral factors, assessing their influence on behavior, designing tailored strategies that change behavior, and measuring the effectiveness […]
Online since: 23.02.2018
Views: 2651
Downloads: 4301
Odhiambo, F., Reed, B. (2013) Hygiene promotion in emergencies Technical notes on drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene in emergencies
Communities affected by a disaster often lack basic water and sanitation facilities. They are likely to be traumatized and vulnerable to disease. Disruption of familiar practices or the relocation to new environments can result in a deterioration in existing hygiene behaviours. This, in turn, will contribute to an increased risk of disease transmission and epidemics. This technical note explains why hygiene promotion is important in […]
Online since: 23.02.2018
Views: 2497
Downloads: 158
Ramos, M., Benelli, P., Irvine, E., Watson, J. (2016) WASH in Emergencies Problem Exploration Report Handwashing
Access to water, sanitation and hygiene promotion is one of the key aspects to securing the health status of populations affected by emergencies and humanitarian crises. The impact of hygiene promotion and washing of hands with soap has wider health implications, as hands are vectors that can transport disease agents from humans to humans, directly or indirectly. Furthermore, the ability to wash hands contributes to […]
Online since: 23.02.2018
Views: 2081
Downloads: 153
