EPA Ireland (1997) Waste Water Treatment Manuals Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Treatment
This manual on Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Treatment sets out the general principles and practices which should be followed by those involved in the treatment of urban waste water. It provides criteria and procedures for the proper management, maintenance, supervision, operation and use of the processes and equipment required for the secondary treatment of wastewater. The Agency hopes that it will provide practical guidance to […]
Online since: 07.03.2018
Views: 4058
Downloads: 6883
EPA (2009) Managing Stormwater with Low Impact Development Practices: Addressing Barriers to LID
This fact sheet seeks to address potential concerns and barriers regarding LID techniques, compared to conventional stormwater management practices.
Online since: 07.03.2018
Views: 1962
Downloads: 188
WHO (1991) Surface water drainage for low income communities
Many low-income communities in developing countries consider stormwater dra inage to be their most urgent need as far as urban infrastructure is concerned. This is partly because their houses are often built on unsuitable land. In areas sufficiently close to the city centre for the journey to work to be affordable, land prices tend to be beyond their means. The only land they can afford, […]
Online since: 07.03.2018
Views: 2458
Downloads: 166
Bjerregaard, M., Meekings, H. (2008) Low cost drainage for emergencies
Effective drainage is important in emergencies when there is a risk of flooding or there is a risk of poor environmental health conditions developing from standing water, muddy conditions, or erosion. It would not usually be the first priority in the initial stages of an emergency, but should be considered after the immediate water, sanitation and hygiene needs have been met. Sites which have natural […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 1746
Downloads: 171
Mara, D. D., Sleigh, A., Tayler, K. (2001) PC-Based Simplified Sewer Design
Simplified sewerage is an important sanitation option in peri-urban areas of developing countries, especially as it is often the only technically feasible solution in these high-density areas. It is a sanitation technology widely known in Latin America, but it is much less well known in Africa and Asia. It is the purpose of this Manual to disseminate this technology more widely in the developing world, […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 2937
Downloads: 526
EPA (2002) Collection Systems Technology Fact Sheet Sewers Conventional Gravity
Sewers are commonly referred to according to the type of wastewater that each transports. For example, storm sewers carry stormwater; industrial sewers carry industrial wastes; sanitary sewers carry both domestic sewage and industrial wastes. Another type of sewer, known as a combined sewer, is prevalent in older communities, but such systems are no longer constructed. Combined sewers carry domestic sewage, industrial waste, and stormwater. This […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 2274
Downloads: 3678
Malambo, D. (2014) Sanitizing Faecal Sludge using Lactic Acid Bacteria in Emergencies
Providing safe excreta collection and disposal in emergency situations has remained one of the most urgent priorities in the disaster relief effort. This is because of the high risk to human health that exposed and unsanitized human excreta pose. With an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters in recent years, humanitarian aid and related organisations worldwide are currently exploring sustainable low cost […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 2173
Downloads: 150
Ligocka, A., Paluszak, Z. (2004) Capability of lactic acid bacteria to inhibit pathogens in sewage sludge subject to biotechnological processes.
The investigation included 30 isolates of lactic bacteria originating from different sources (composted green materials, EM “Greenland” preparation as well as Lactobacillus brevis and L. plantarum cultures), and the following pathogens: Salmonella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus cereus. Lactic bacteria were inoculated pointwise and incubated under anaerobic conditions, then covered with a layer […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 1976
Downloads: 138
González P., M. E. (2014) Sanitising faecal sludge with ammonia (from urea) in the context of emergency situations Master thesis
In an emergency situation, the collection, treatment and disposal of the human excreta and waste in a safe way is one of the biggest challenges to face, regardless the type of disaster. When it comes to faecal sludge management, the traditional desludging methods can often not be appropriate in an acute emergency phase. Consequently, relief organisations aim to apply new and simple approaches and modular […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 2134
Downloads: 152
Nordin, A., Nyberg, K., Vinneras, B. (2009) Inactivation of Ascaris Eggs in Source-Separated Urine and Feces by Ammonia at Ambient Temperatures
Sustainable management of toilet waste must prevent disease transmission but allow reuse of plant nutrients. Inactivation of uterus-derived Ascaris suum eggs was studied in relation to ammonia in source-separated urine without additives and in human feces to which urea had been added, in order to evaluate ammonia-based sanitation for production of safe fertilizers from human excreta. Urine was used concentrated or diluted 1:1 and 1:3 […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 2061
Downloads: 145
USAID (2015) Implementer’s Guide to Lime Stabilisation for Septage Management in the Philippines
Local government units (LGUs) just beginning to implement a new septage management program may wish to phase in the program over time. Lime stabilization can be done as a first phase following a disaster and perhaps serve the public and commercial sectors. In the next phase, a municipal or city-wide program to desludge all septic tanks on a regular schedule using treatment technologies besides lime […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 2415
Downloads: 3897
Sozzi, E., Fesselet, J. F., Taylor, H. (2011) Standard operating procedure for the physicochemical treatment of CTC wastewaters
When cholera strikes in a low-income country, the rapid construction and successful operation of specialist cholera treatment centres (CTC) by medical NGOs can significantly reduce the mortality rate. Such has been the case in Haiti. Since cholera struck the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola in October 2010, in the aftermath of a devastating earthquake ten months earlier, Médecins Sans Frontières has operated five […]
Online since: 06.03.2018
Views: 3031
Downloads: 233
Chakraborty I., Capito, M., Jacks, C., Pringle R. (2014) Household-level application of hydrated lime for on-site treatment and agricultural use of latrine sludge
Rural areas of Cambodia have no safe waste management strategies for household latrine waste. Household application of lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) would enable households to treat waste easily on-site and significantly reduce the risk of latrine sludge causing negative impacts on human health and the environment, whilst transforming latrines into incubators of a valuable agricultural additive. Initial investigative work – including human centered design research, […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 2923
Downloads: 172
Anderson, C., Malambo, D. H., Perez, M. E., Nobela, H. N., de Pooter, L., Spit, J., Hooijmans, C. M., de Vossenberg, J. V., Greya, W., Thole, B., van Lier, J. B., Brdjanovic, D. (2015) Lactic Acid Fermentation, Urea and Lime Addition Promising Faecal Sludge Sanitizing Methods for Emergency Sanitation
In this research, three faecal sludge sanitizing methods—lactic acid fermentation, urea treatment and lime treatment—were studied for application in emergency situations. These methods were investigated by undertaking small scale field trials with pit latrine sludge in Blantyre, Malawi. Hydrated lime was able to reduce the E. coli count in the sludge to below the detectable limit within 1 h applying a pH > 11 (using […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 2499
Downloads: 170
Mamani, G., Visser, K., Spit. J., Heeger, J., Dargere, N., Postma, S., Gijsbers, R., Mulder, R., Buyle, G. (2014) Speedkits - Rapid deployable kits as seeds for self-recovery
Within S(P)EEDKITS, workpackage WP3- “watsan” (water and sanitation) focuses on the development of flexible sanitation solutions suited for emergency cases and on low cost water kits that help to generate, transport and store (potable) water. Focus in both domains is on the easy deployment of the kits. This document reports on the prototypes for the various watsan kits and the outcome of the (first) testing.
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 1309
Downloads: 95
Vögeli, Y., Lohri, C. R., Gallardo, A., Diener, S., Zurbrügg, C. (2014) Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Developing Countries Practical Information and Case Studies
Research on anaerobic digestion solutions for low - and middle-income countries has shown that there is a wealth of knowledge and experience with small- and medium-scale digesters built in rural areas where manure from a few cattle and some household waste is used as feedstock. However, anaerobic digestion still seems to play a negligible role as a treatment option in urban settings for organic yard, […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 3955
Downloads: 6458
Khatavkar, A., Matthews, S. (2013) Bio-Latrines
A Bio-latrine is low maintenance system comprising a combination of a toilet and a bio-digester unit. It can be constructed using local materials and requires no machinery or fuel input other than human waste. This brief looks at the option of using bio-latrines, an on-site dry toilet technology which generates fertilising materials and fuel from the human excreta.
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 4750
Downloads: 314
Rose, D. G. (1999) Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Options for urban agriculture
This report is the product of a five-month Centre Internship at the International Development Research Centre - Cities Feeding People Programme Initiative (CFP) during the summer of 1999. The report was commissioned to provide CFP team members an overview of emergent trends in environmentally sound and economically viable approaches to wastewater management. The subject of the report relates to the management of domestic human waste […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 2738
Downloads: 165
Foxon, K. M., Pillay, S., Lalbahadur, T., Rodda, N., Holder, F., Buckley, C. A. (2004) The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) An appropriate technology for on-site sanitation
This project has studied the appropriateness of the ABR for on-site primary sanitation in low-income communities. The baffled design of the ABR ensures high solids retention resulting in high treatment rates, while the overall sludge production is characteristically low. Effluent COD values measured from a 3 000 l pilot ABR using domestic wastewater at a wastewater treatment works were consistently below 200 mgCOD/l at an […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 3341
Downloads: 5408
Polprasert, C., Rajput, V. S. (1982) Septic Tank and Septic Systems Environmental Sanitation Reviews
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the septic tank and septic systems. Information on design and functional aspects, and environmental effects of septic tank systems are presented. In addition, some important research needs as reported in the literature are pinpointed. It should be noted that this review paper contains neither standards nor rules and regulations pertaining to septic tank and septic systems. The design […]
Online since: 28.02.2018
Views: 2919
Downloads: 341
