House, S. (2018) Guidance and Tips for Learning from People Who May Be Most Disadvantaged During the Programme Process

House, S. (2009) Strengthening the Humanity in Humanitarian Action in the Work of the WASH Sector in the Rohingya Response

House, J.S. (1987) Social Support and Social Structure

The burgeoning study of social support in relation to social stress and health would benefit from increased attention to issues of social structure. Three aspects of social relationships, all often referred to as social support, must be more clearly distinguished—(1) their existence or quantity (i.e., social integration), (2) their formal structure (i.e., social networks), and (3) their functional or behavioral content (i.e., the most precise […]

Health Communication Capacity Collaborative (2016) SBCC for Emergency Preparedness. Implementation Kit

In the wake of Ebola and in the throes of the Zika outbreak, more focus than ever is on the importance of strong and resilient1 health systems that serve and promote the well-being of individuals, households and communities. Engaging in social and behavior change communication (SBCC) preparedness efforts as part of strengthening a health system, and certainly prior to a critical incident, can bolster a […]

Hawkins, R., Marmer, P., Moir, K. (2006) Participatory Rural Appraisal in the Southern Gobi

Hart, R.A. (1992) Children’s Participation: from Tokenism to Citizenship

A nation is democratic to the extent that its citizens are involved, particularly at the community level. The confidence and competence to be involved must be gradually acquired through practice. It is for this reason that there should be gradually increasing opportunities for children to participate in any aspiring democracy, and particularly in those nations already convinced that they are democratic. With the growth of […]

GWC (2009) WASH Accountability Resources. Ask, Listen, Communicate

Guijt, I. (2014) Participatory Approaches. Methodological Briefs. Impact Evaluation No. 5

Norman, P., Conner, P (2005) Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models. 2nd Edition.

The study of behaviours that influence health and the factors determining which individuals will and will not perform such behaviours has become a key area of research within health psychology. As the second edition of this book testifies, there is a considerable and impressive body of research in this area. The purpose of this book is to provide in a single source an overview of […]

Niederberger, E., Glanville-Wallis, T. (2019) Community Engagement in WASH Emergencies: Understanding Barriers and Enablers Based on Action Research from Bangladesh and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Engaging communities in humanitarian programming is key to ensuring their participation in decision-making that affects them as outlined by commitment 4 of the Core Humanitarian Standards. Based on learning from the West-African Ebola response (2014–2016), Oxfam’s WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) team is undertaking a paradigm shift toward greater community engagement (hereafter referred to as CE) in WASH, with a strong focus on measuring community […]

Nembrini, P.G. (2005) Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons.

This handbook offers a summary of the practical experience gained. It is not intended to provide answers to all problems relating to material conditions of detention, for such problems have to be approached also from the angle of the organization of prison administrations and of the management of prisons and other places of detention, matters which are outside its purview. The ICRC hopes that this […]

Narayan D. (1993) Participatory Evaluation. Tools for Managing Change in Water and Sanitation. World Bank Technical Paper No. 207.

There is now widespread recognition that participatory development-involvinig users and communities in all stages of the development process-is critical for achieving sustained benefits. By responding to felt needs, and by involving stakeholders intimately in all aspects of a program, participatory development creates "ownership," accountability, and a willingness on the part of users to manage and invest in services. By broadening and opening up the development […]

Groupe URD (2009) Participation Handbook for Humanitarian Field Workers. Chapter 1-7

The Participation Handbook for humanitarian field workers contains detailed practical advice on the participation of affected people in humanitarian action. It has three sections: Developing a participatory approach (main issues, key factors, building mutual respect, communication methods and advice on reviewing your approach); Implementing your participatory approach at every stage of the project cycle (initial assessment, project design, implementation, monitoring and final evaluation); A list […]

Greenland, K., Chipungu, J., Chilengi, R., Curtis, V. (2016) Theory-Based Formative Research on Oral Rehydration Salts and Zinc Use in Lusaka, Zambia

Fourteen behaviour trials were conducted among caregivers of children under-five with diarrhoea. Caregivers were recruited from two clinics situated in rural and peri-urban Lusaka. Trials took ten days and data were captured using video, observation and repeated interviews. Additional data were collected through focus group discussions with mothers, observations in clinics and pharmacies and interviews with clinic and pharmacy staff. Findings were organised according to […]

Waterkeyn, J., Matimati, R., Muringaniza, A., Chigono, A., Ntakarutimana, A., Katabarwa, J., Bigirimana, Z., Pantoglou, J., Waterkeyn A., Cairncross, S. (2019) Comparative Assessment of Hygiene Behaviour Change and Cost-Effectiveness of Community Health Clubs in Rwanda and Zimbabwe

Two similar Community Health Club (CHC) interventions to achieve hygiene behaviour change and improved family health in Africa took place—one in Zimbabwe implemented by an NGO and the other in Rwanda as part of a Randomized Control Trial. Both interventions achieved high levels of community response, although the Zimbabwe project was more cost-effective, achieving blanket coverage of all households in the area with over 90% […]

Waterkeyn, J. (2006) District Health Promotion Using the Consensus Approach

This manual is a guideline for those planners looking for a practical methodology for conducting a health promotion project at District Level. The focus is primarily on applying this approach to rural areas; however the approach is still applicable to an urban setting. The manual takes approximately 1.5 hours to read and is divided into three main sections.

Gonzalez, L., Kabura, R. (2006) Using PHAST for In-Country Disease Outbreaks Response

Waterkeyn, J., Cairncross, S. (2005) Creating Demand for Sanitation and Hygiene Through Community Health Clubs A Cost-Effective Intervention in Two Districts in Zimbabwe

Unless strategies are found to galvanise rural communities and create a demand for sanitation, we cannot achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goal of halving the 2.4 billion people without sanitation by the year 2015. This study describes an innovative methodology used in Zimbabwe—Community Health Clubs—which significantly changed hygiene behaviour and built rural demand for sanitation. In 1 year in Makoni District, 1244 health promotion […]

Waterkeyn, J., Matimati, R., Muringaniza, A. (2009) ZOD for all - Scaling up the Community Health Club Model to Meet the MDGs for Sanitation in Rural and Urban Areas Case Studies from Zimbabwe and Uganda

Most countries in Africa will fall short of meeting the MDG targets for the provision of water and sanitation due to lack of financial and institutional capacity (WSP-Africa, 2006). Although safe sanitation has been found to be the most effective single intervention in reducing diarrhoea (Esrey, et al.1991), this does not necessarily mean building latrines, which can become a fly breeding ground if they are […]

Waterkeyn, J., Waterkeyn, A. (2013) Creating a Culture of Health: Hygiene Behaviour Change in Community Health Clubs Through Knowledge and Positive Peer Pressure

Understanding the mechanisms that trigger behaviour change to overcome risky hygiene is critical to improving family health. Research in an integrated health promotion programme in 382 Community Health Clubs (CHCs) in three districts of Zimbabwe showed clearly the value members attached to gaining ‘knowledge’, which was their strongest motivation for joining CHCs. In these rural areas, where only 38% had completed primary school, randomly sampled […]